The Economics of Alternative Energy Sources and Globalization

The Economics of Biofuels, Food, and the Environment

Author(s): David Zilberman, Deepak Rajagopal, Steven Sexton, Gal Hochman and Teresa Serra

Pp: 24-34 (11)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805233211101010024

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

This chapter provides optimal welfare economics policies that incorporate some of the recent developments that led to the introduction of biofuels and policies to manage biofuel, food, and fossil-fuel allocation. Our model suggests that (1) globalization contributes to higher food and fuel prices by increasing incomes, (2) the introduction of biofuels puts extra pressure on prices that can be alleviated only through the adoption of innovation and enhanced supply, and (3) optimal policies include carbon taxes and subsidies for fuel security. Policy making is not as general and comprehensive as the welfare economics model suggests. Rather, it is piecemeal and adaptable. We argue that major biofuel policies, such as biofuel mandates, tariffs on imported biofuels, and the renewable fuel standard, can be explained as the outcome of a policy that tries to maximize fuel security, subject to budgetary, behavioral, and environmental constraints. Our analysis suggests that some of the impacts of biofuels on food prices as well as deforestation can be mitigated if regulations and incentives that slow the adoption of modern agricultural technologies are modified and the capacity to adopt biofuels is expanded. Finally, biofuel policies are in a transitional stage and will need to be modified once a more comprehensive policy to address climate change has been established.

Related Journals
Related Books
© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy
Request history8.2.27PHP Version212msRequest Duration26MBMemory UsageGET chapter/{id}/{param?}Route
  • warninglog[03:00:08] LOG.warning: Optional parameter $id declared before required parameter $request is implic...
  • Booting (117ms)time
  • Application (95.71ms)time
  • 1 x Booting (54.93%)
    117ms
    1 x Application (45.07%)
    95.71ms
    12 templates were rendered
    • ebook.chapter_detailschapter_details.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts.chapter_header_sectionchapter_header_section.blade.php#?blade
    • ebook.chapter_top_bannerchapter_top_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • ebook.chapter_bottom_bannerchapter_bottom_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • ebook.ebook_right_bannerebook_right_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.inc_related_journalsinc_related_journals.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.inc_related_ebooksinc_related_ebooks.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts.appapp.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._login_access_login_access.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._header_header.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._main_menu_main_menu.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._footer_menu_footer_menu.blade.php#?blade
    uri
    GET chapter/{id}/{param?}
    middleware
    web, check_user_access
    controller
    App\Http\Controllers\ChapterController@GetChapterDetails
    namespace
    App\Http\Controllers
    where
    as
    chapter
    file
    app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1350-1704
    19 statements were executed22.32ms
    • Connection Establishedalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#24
      Backtrace
      • 9. middleware::check_user_access:24
      • 10. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 11. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • INSERT INTO visitor_ip_address (ip_address,visitor_agent,visitor_count, created_on,updated_on) VALUES ('59769557','',1,1739847608,1739847608) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE visitor_count=visitor_count + 1, updated_on=1739847608
      1.04msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#24
      Backtrace
      • 11. middleware::check_user_access:24
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • INSERT INTO visitor_ip_address_detail (ip_address,visitor_url,visitor_count, created_on,updated_on) VALUES ('59769557','/chapter/2972',1,1739847608,1739847608)
      150μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#27
      Backtrace
      • 11. middleware::check_user_access:27
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_trail WHERE to_ip >= 59769557 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59769557) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 59769557 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59769557) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_token WHERE to_ip >= 59769557 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59769557) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_trail WHERE to_ip >= 59769557 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59769557) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 59769557 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59769557) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_token WHERE to_ip >= 59769557 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59769557) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_trail WHERE to_ip >= 59769557 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59769557) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 59769557 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59769557) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_token WHERE to_ip >= 59769557 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59769557) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_trail WHERE to_ip >= 59769557 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59769557) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 59769557 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59769557) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_token WHERE to_ip >= 59769557 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59769557) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_trail WHERE to_ip >= 59769557 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59769557) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 59769557 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59769557) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_token WHERE to_ip >= 59769557 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59769557) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_disease_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 59769557 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59769557) limit 1
      13.16msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#784
      Bindings
      • 0: 59769557
      • 1: 59769557
      • 2: 59769557
      • 3: 59769557
      • 4: 59769557
      • 5: 59769557
      • 6: 59769557
      • 7: 59769557
      • 8: 59769557
      • 9: 59769557
      • 10: 59769557
      • 11: 59769557
      • 12: 59769557
      • 13: 59769557
      • 14: 59769557
      • 15: 59769557
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:784
      • 15. middleware::check_user_access:114
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
    • select * from `chapter` where `chapter_id` = '2972' limit 1
      300μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ChapterController.php#1406
      Bindings
      • 0: 2972
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1406
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select CONCAT_WS(' ',au.first_name, ' ', ifnull(au.initials,''), ' ', au.last_name) as authors, CONCAT(au.last_name, IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.initials), ''), ' ', au.first_name) AS authorsRIS, CONCAT_WS(' ',au.last_name, ' ', ifnull(au.initials,''), ' ', au.first_name) as authorsCiteAs, CONCAT_WS(' ',au.first_name, IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.initials), ''), IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.last_name), '')) as authorsmodal , `au`.*, `af`.`ror_id`, `af`.`institution`, `af`.`department`, `af`.`country`, `af`.`city`, `af`.`address`, (GROUP_CONCAT(TRIM(BOTH ', ' FROM CONCAT(ifnull(concat(af.institution,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.department,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.address,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.city,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.country,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.postal_code,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.phone,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.fax,','),''))) SEPARATOR '|')) as `author_affiliation`, (GROUP_CONCAT(TRIM(BOTH ', ' FROM CONCAT(ifnull(concat(af.web_view,','),''))) SEPARATOR '|')) as `web_view` from `author` as `au` left join `author_affiliation` as `af` on `au`.`author_id` = `af`.`author_id` where `au`.`chapter_id` = '2972' group by `au`.`author_id` order by `au`.`article_id` asc, `au`.`sequence` asc
      680μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Author.php#86
      Bindings
      • 0: 2972
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Author.php:86
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1411
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `keywords` where `chapter_id` = '2972'
      220μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ChapterController.php#1415
      Bindings
      • 0: 2972
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1415
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select * from `ebook` where `ebook_id` = 194 limit 1
      260μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ChapterController.php#1430
      Bindings
      • 0: 194
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1430
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `subject_ebook` as `se` inner join `ebook` as `e` on `e`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `ebook_volume` as `v` on `v`.`ebook_id` = `e`.`ebook_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=194) and se.ebook_id!=194 and v.ebook_status='1'
      1.21msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#238
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:238
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1434
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select distinct v.nid as volume_id,e.nid,e.title,v.issn,v.eissn,v.isbn,v.eisbn,e.ebook_id, v.image_file_name,v.file_path,v.flyer_link,v.ebook_volume_id, v.volume_name,v.doi,v.year_id,v.introduction from `subject_ebook` as `se` inner join `ebook` as `e` on `e`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `ebook_volume` as `v` on `v`.`ebook_id` = `e`.`ebook_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=194) and se.ebook_id!=194 and v.ebook_status='1' limit 10 offset 0
      750μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#238
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:238
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1434
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `subject_journal` as `sj` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `sj`.`journal_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=194)
      370μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#255
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:255
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1435
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select distinct j.nid as journal_nid,j.title,j.subtitle,j.issn,j.eissn,j.keyword,sj.journal_id,j.image_file_name,j.flyer_link from `subject_journal` as `sj` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `sj`.`journal_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=194) limit 10 offset 0
      390μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#255
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:255
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1435
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select `e`.*, `a`.*, `y`.`year`, `e`.`ebook_volume_id` as `ebook_volume_id`, `a`.`ebook_volume_id` as `ebk_vol_id`, `e`.`ebook_id` as `ebk_ebook_id` from `ebook_volume` as `e` left join `author` as `a` on `e`.`ebook_volume_id` = `a`.`ebook_volume_id` left join `year` as `y` on `y`.`id` = `e`.`year_id` where `e`.`ebook_volume_id` = 993 and `e`.`is_uploaded` = 1
      520μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022EbookVolume.php#271
      Bindings
      • 0: 993
      • 1: 1
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/EbookVolume.php:271
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1438
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) rcd from `ebook_volume` where `ebook_id` = 194 and ebook_volume_id <> 993 limit 1
      250μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022EbookVolume.php#999
      Bindings
      • 0: 194
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/EbookVolume.php:999
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1462
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from ebook_access where content_type_id = '2972' and content_type = 'c' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      320μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from ebook_access where content_type_id = '993' and content_type = 'v' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      250μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"ebook_volume" as access_level,"" as chapter_id from `user_access_ebook_volume_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59769557 and j.to_ip >=59769557 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847608 and j.to_date >= 1739847608 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 993) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"ebook_volume" as access_level,"" as chapter_id from `user_access_ebook_volume_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59769557 and j.to_ip >=59769557 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847608 and j.to_date >= 1739847608 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 993) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"ebook_volume" as access_level,"" as chapter_id from `user_access_ebook_volume_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59769557 and j.to_ip >=59769557 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847608 and j.to_date >= 1739847608 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 993)
      620μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59769557 and j.to_ip >=59769557 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847608 and j.to_date >= 1739847608 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 2972) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59769557 and j.to_ip >=59769557 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847608 and j.to_date >= 1739847608 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 2972) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59769557 and j.to_ip >=59769557 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847608 and j.to_date >= 1739847608 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 2972)
      560μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 993 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739847608 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739847608 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.07msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 993
      • 3: 1739847608
      • 4: 1739847608
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='30c385c41826782f34384f49aebd6b75'
      200μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        cYCE2O7jv3BcGgRS4N1ofrWSzMwjuMJzJQchLcGl
        uc_cart_id
        30c385c41826782f34384f49aebd6b75
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/2972" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/2972
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Iit2RUV2ejZUNlJSOC82cEpiVjBTZ1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVWlWZmtBYzFobm9Wc05TVlZTTWRxaXFQY2tBZDd2UVVmSklsNk40eGwxcz0iLCJtYWMiOiJlOWRjYzUzNzQ3M2U3OGIzOTVkODMzMDNhYmFiMTBlMzE2ZDJiZGIxN2NmMjE5YmY4YjY0NDlmMDM5ZTBhNTgyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjZDTmpVUStDekNIQ0pudW5sYXBWYVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVlpTcVNjRVZLMGxuR1BnVDBKSTJwMEJwTVl1NTJyNml4UzVkVlZmeWVFUjg2bk1IY05CY09HVURHa3Z6TmRZZUp1WlllZmFBcmphRUI5c1d3Tk9ZanREVkduUklSRXE4NGUvbXFWcVVuZGFTb3dEampSdzlUbkF0R1BJRnlRUHAiLCJtYWMiOiJmNTQyOTZmZGU3NzljYjE5MTBkYTc1MDcyMzEwMTFmYzczOTYyYjRjYjVkYmUxNDA4Y2U0NDg0YWUzM2Q0MTg3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ikdjbm54aW5uS21ERlNjNzB4VkprMFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiU29QWVV3bXJNbXJlczFJYTc3eDNWVm1ZT1JESXBYLzVJZ0xacTdxaHRqbjkvUG1kRGJvR3ZLMG9CbWQ4WHM2VzFBZkl6UklwdmFzeUl0ejRMSzQ5SzBPYjJZd3dPdSt4U0xIWFc5eEpMdUFvR05xM2F5Q1d5YUswUlpUT1VMK0IiLCJtYWMiOiJkNDc3NWE1MjFmM2E5MjUwODE5NDdiYTIxZTQ0YWE0YzczYjAxNzc2MDU1YmE2ZjZlMDMwZTg5N2QxZjg0MGRlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Iit2RUV2ejZUNlJSOC82cEpiVjBTZ1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVWlWZmtBYzFobm9Wc05TVlZTTWRxaXFQY2tBZDd2UVVmSklsNk40eGwxcz0iLCJtYWMiOiJlOWRjYzUzNzQ3M2U3" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:3 [ "wayfindertarget" => null "XSRF-TOKEN" => "cYCE2O7jv3BcGgRS4N1ofrWSzMwjuMJzJQchLcGl" "alphaeurekaselectnet_session" => "s9IPsmcvEWENAEL9E6mq3YVItNKDFCrPnpQpiz5E" ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 18 Feb 2025 03:00:08 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ino2QnVEZENWSXdTdWUrSTFPNHpES0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaS8wd2lHM01ab3ZkZjhka01KR0haTVpvNi9oV0xSMmhCTHZ1M0dSKzc5c21FcG9ycGJGWHVuUnJ5T3JoUy9GQWZkV1ZvZ01FYnM1YjN3UjFvUDRyRlJON3hKTzhjV1JNK2M4aU5KdlBTZjdQR2Q1V1JvMXdEZkZlWG5lMUxvNTciLCJtYWMiOiJkYThkYzRlMmU2MDE0OTczNmMwZDJmYjlhNDE3YTVkMTM2NmRmODA0NmM4YTMxNjBhYzBjMTlmNTg0MDU4YjdiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 15:00:08 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ino2QnVEZENWSXdTdWUrSTFPNHpES0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaS8wd2lHM01ab3ZkZjhka01KR0haTVpvNi9oV0xSMmhCTHZ1M0dSKzc5c21FcG9ycGJGWHVuUnJ5T3JoUy9GQWZkV1ZvZ" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImNtQkE3TTV3TEhkT1l3cDYvcU4rbEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ2Nzbm5BUXZtN016RHlyK2kyd0RuSWZ0cnlpV2ZNZFJ5NndEOVFMZ2N0WnRKUnJ0UitsOVZBV1VWL0hORjdYeC8xUHB0d2ZuZ0xaV202UzJDa0VLWnRlbmtnV3VJSE1tOWF6cXdzendseHU2RlEyUjUvWlE1cWNQdkpISGdHVGgiLCJtYWMiOiI5YmEzYjMxMWRlYjlkMzYxNWE4NTE3MTM4MzdkNTQzODU3NTM0ODAwZWM5ZmJjNTJiNjFjYmUzNjIwNTkwOTgwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImNtQkE3TTV3TEhkT1l3cDYvcU4rbEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ2Nzbm5BUXZtN016RHlyK2kyd0RuSWZ0cnlpV2ZNZFJ5NndEOVFMZ2N0WnRKUnJ0UitsOVZBV1V" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ino2QnVEZENWSXdTdWUrSTFPNHpES0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaS8wd2lHM01ab3ZkZjhka01KR0haTVpvNi9oV0xSMmhCTHZ1M0dSKzc5c21FcG9ycGJGWHVuUnJ5T3JoUy9GQWZkV1ZvZ01FYnM1YjN3UjFvUDRyRlJON3hKTzhjV1JNK2M4aU5KdlBTZjdQR2Q1V1JvMXdEZkZlWG5lMUxvNTciLCJtYWMiOiJkYThkYzRlMmU2MDE0OTczNmMwZDJmYjlhNDE3YTVkMTM2NmRmODA0NmM4YTMxNjBhYzBjMTlmNTg0MDU4YjdiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 15:00:08 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ino2QnVEZENWSXdTdWUrSTFPNHpES0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaS8wd2lHM01ab3ZkZjhka01KR0haTVpvNi9oV0xSMmhCTHZ1M0dSKzc5c21FcG9ycGJGWHVuUnJ5T3JoUy9GQWZkV1ZvZ" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImNtQkE3TTV3TEhkT1l3cDYvcU4rbEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ2Nzbm5BUXZtN016RHlyK2kyd0RuSWZ0cnlpV2ZNZFJ5NndEOVFMZ2N0WnRKUnJ0UitsOVZBV1VWL0hORjdYeC8xUHB0d2ZuZ0xaV202UzJDa0VLWnRlbmtnV3VJSE1tOWF6cXdzendseHU2RlEyUjUvWlE1cWNQdkpISGdHVGgiLCJtYWMiOiI5YmEzYjMxMWRlYjlkMzYxNWE4NTE3MTM4MzdkNTQzODU3NTM0ODAwZWM5ZmJjNTJiNjFjYmUzNjIwNTkwOTgwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImNtQkE3TTV3TEhkT1l3cDYvcU4rbEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ2Nzbm5BUXZtN016RHlyK2kyd0RuSWZ0cnlpV2ZNZFJ5NndEOVFMZ2N0WnRKUnJ0UitsOVZBV1V" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "cYCE2O7jv3BcGgRS4N1ofrWSzMwjuMJzJQchLcGl" "uc_cart_id" => "30c385c41826782f34384f49aebd6b75" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/2972" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 03:00:08GET/chapter/2972112192