Integrated Control of Citrus Pests in the Mediterranean Region

Thripidae

Author(s): Rita Marullo and Alessandra De Grazia

Pp: 109-118 (10)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805294311201010109

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Eleven Thysanoptera (thrips) species, all included in the family Thripidae, are listed as pests on citrus in the Mediterranean region, and a diagnostic dichotomic key is provided for them. For each species the main morphological characters, biological features and data on the economic importance are reported. Amongst them, five species i.e. Chaetanaphothrips signipennis Bagnall, Frankliniella bispinosa Morgan, Scirtothrips aurantii Faure, S. citri (Moulton) and S. dorsalis Hood are quarantine species that are not yet present in the Mediterranean countries; however, Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Bouche), Pezothrips kellyanus Bagnall, Thrips flavus Schrank and T. tabaci Lindeman are common pests on citrus. Data on pest activity due to F. occidentalis (Pergande) are not yet known, whereas literature reports on its spread onto new hosts, have only very recently become available from a few Mediterranean countries.


Keywords: Citriculture, Mediterranean Region, citrus thrips, bio-ecology, damage, control

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316587137 and j.to_ip >=316587137 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676078 and j.to_date >= 1740676078 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 279) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316587137 and j.to_ip >=316587137 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676078 and j.to_date >= 1740676078 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 279) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316587137 and j.to_ip >=316587137 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676078 and j.to_date >= 1740676078 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 279)
      600μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 809 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740676078 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740676078 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.06msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 809
      • 3: 1740676078
      • 4: 1740676078
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='b1295e1ee6e1839203342a371de12e0e'
      210μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    6Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        vUD9uShBNFj94ESuCCJI9YSLprpxxymqFSpFcOeO
        uc_cart_id
        b1295e1ee6e1839203342a371de12e0e
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/279" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/279
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:16 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Thu, 27 Feb 2025 17:07:58 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkNTQ1BLcWg1NDZ1RjFDSHJUQjF1dUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiS1Q1M0dNcXBJZDRCd0pIak1ualpIemV1S0tRSWxzSENYWWJ3cVlkNWVIUktoMEc0YmVHQ0ZSYkJMUk05aFhQL1E0MkpRM2VLS2VwY2V2OWJxUklYcWJCa3Z5QlU4ZG1iMDV5NlVVMjRlUXM2bzg3S3dibU1ORHlrcENKNHFTK0oiLCJtYWMiOiI5MTFkNjVhOGM1NDU1YmM5YWI2N2U2ZDE2ODE4ZDI2YjU4YTBkYmQ0ZGYzMWFjZDZkZGUxMzQ4YTUwMDI0YjRlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 02 Mar 2025 05:07:58 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkNTQ1BLcWg1NDZ1RjFDSHJUQjF1dUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiS1Q1M0dNcXBJZDRCd0pIak1ualpIemV1S0tRSWxzSENYWWJ3cVlkNWVIUktoMEc0YmVHQ0ZSYkJMUk05aFhQL1E0MkpRM" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InlrNVF2ZGgyRUIrbXJDemQ2WGs2M2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUEFrSTlQdzExRW5iQzZFY1FCL00rZlVBeUQvT0pEQWJJOXc4T2NqNmZFWjJCeEx0TEZlOHZuMzgrb0pTOWp0bTlrdGFuZnlld2UrVHVCVm5PcVNVLzFrcGh5ZnFoRnE2dmlwVkRFajBSSGxsSyt4OE05cEE5Tkx6RUtIRFJxd2YiLCJtYWMiOiJlNWUzOGZhYjlmNjkzNTIyMTVhNzcwNzNlNmJkY2VkNTkyY2I1YTcxNjk4MTNiYjAwNTg2NGY3NDkyYWJhNDVlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InlrNVF2ZGgyRUIrbXJDemQ2WGs2M2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUEFrSTlQdzExRW5iQzZFY1FCL00rZlVBeUQvT0pEQWJJOXc4T2NqNmZFWjJCeEx0TEZlOHZuMzg" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkNTQ1BLcWg1NDZ1RjFDSHJUQjF1dUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiS1Q1M0dNcXBJZDRCd0pIak1ualpIemV1S0tRSWxzSENYWWJ3cVlkNWVIUktoMEc0YmVHQ0ZSYkJMUk05aFhQL1E0MkpRM2VLS2VwY2V2OWJxUklYcWJCa3Z5QlU4ZG1iMDV5NlVVMjRlUXM2bzg3S3dibU1ORHlrcENKNHFTK0oiLCJtYWMiOiI5MTFkNjVhOGM1NDU1YmM5YWI2N2U2ZDE2ODE4ZDI2YjU4YTBkYmQ0ZGYzMWFjZDZkZGUxMzQ4YTUwMDI0YjRlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 02-Mar-2025 05:07:58 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkNTQ1BLcWg1NDZ1RjFDSHJUQjF1dUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiS1Q1M0dNcXBJZDRCd0pIak1ualpIemV1S0tRSWxzSENYWWJ3cVlkNWVIUktoMEc0YmVHQ0ZSYkJMUk05aFhQL1E0MkpRM" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InlrNVF2ZGgyRUIrbXJDemQ2WGs2M2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUEFrSTlQdzExRW5iQzZFY1FCL00rZlVBeUQvT0pEQWJJOXc4T2NqNmZFWjJCeEx0TEZlOHZuMzgrb0pTOWp0bTlrdGFuZnlld2UrVHVCVm5PcVNVLzFrcGh5ZnFoRnE2dmlwVkRFajBSSGxsSyt4OE05cEE5Tkx6RUtIRFJxd2YiLCJtYWMiOiJlNWUzOGZhYjlmNjkzNTIyMTVhNzcwNzNlNmJkY2VkNTkyY2I1YTcxNjk4MTNiYjAwNTg2NGY3NDkyYWJhNDVlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InlrNVF2ZGgyRUIrbXJDemQ2WGs2M2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUEFrSTlQdzExRW5iQzZFY1FCL00rZlVBeUQvT0pEQWJJOXc4T2NqNmZFWjJCeEx0TEZlOHZuMzg" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "vUD9uShBNFj94ESuCCJI9YSLprpxxymqFSpFcOeO" "uc_cart_id" => "b1295e1ee6e1839203342a371de12e0e" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/279" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-27 17:07:58GET/chapter/279112198