Current Technologies To Increase The Transdermal Delivery Of Drugs

Volume: 1

Transdermal Drug Delivery Using Microneedles

Author(s): Ololade Olatunji, Barrrak Al-Qallaf and Diganta Bhusan Das

Pp: 96-119 (24)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805191511001010096

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Microneedles have been introduced as a measure to solve the shortcoming of normal transdermal patches and hypodermic injections as they are able to pierce through th e stratum corneum, the top sub-layer of skin, in a simple and almost painless manner. Previous studies have shown microneedles to enhance drug delivery through the skin by significant amount as compared to the conventional drug delivery methods using transdermal patches. A number of designs have b een proposed using both solid and hollow microneedles of different types of materials. These studies show the effects of a number of factors that affect the drug delivery efficiency using these microneedles. Mathematical models have also been proposed to represent transport of drug through the skin and blood concentration in the blood using microneedles. These models provide the relationships between parameters such as needle length and skin thickness, a nd factors such as permeability of the drug through the skin and the force to insert the microneedle into the skin. Di fferent applications of microneedles in transdermal drug delivery have been proposed in different publications, which may include, e.g., delivery of vaccines for immunization, insulin delivery for cont rolling glucose level in diabetic pati ents, and others. The results from the existing studies have shown microneedle s to have promising prospects in transdermal drug delivery applications. This chapter aims to review various aspects of transdermal drug delivery by microneedle arrays.


Keywords: Microneedles, Microneedle arrays, Skin, Transdermal drug delivery.

Related Journals
Related Books
© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy
Request history8.2.27PHP Version206msRequest Duration26MBMemory UsageGET chapter/{id}/{param?}Route
  • warninglog[23:30:05] LOG.warning: Optional parameter $id declared before required parameter $request is implic...
  • Booting (105ms)time
  • Application (100ms)time
  • 1 x Booting (51.22%)
    105ms
    1 x Application (48.77%)
    100ms
    12 templates were rendered
    • ebook.chapter_detailschapter_details.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts.chapter_header_sectionchapter_header_section.blade.php#?blade
    • ebook.chapter_top_bannerchapter_top_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • ebook.chapter_bottom_bannerchapter_bottom_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • ebook.ebook_right_bannerebook_right_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.inc_related_journalsinc_related_journals.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.inc_related_ebooksinc_related_ebooks.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts.appapp.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._login_access_login_access.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._header_header.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._main_menu_main_menu.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._footer_menu_footer_menu.blade.php#?blade
    uri
    GET chapter/{id}/{param?}
    middleware
    web, check_user_access
    controller
    App\Http\Controllers\ChapterController@GetChapterDetails
    namespace
    App\Http\Controllers
    where
    as
    chapter
    file
    app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1350-1704
    19 statements were executed27.85ms
    • Connection Establishedalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#24
      Backtrace
      • 9. middleware::check_user_access:24
      • 10. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 11. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • INSERT INTO visitor_ip_address (ip_address,visitor_agent,visitor_count, created_on,updated_on) VALUES ('309684047','',1,1739835005,1739835005) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE visitor_count=visitor_count + 1, updated_on=1739835005
      1.43msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#24
      Backtrace
      • 11. middleware::check_user_access:24
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • INSERT INTO visitor_ip_address_detail (ip_address,visitor_url,visitor_count, created_on,updated_on) VALUES ('309684047','/chapter/2755',1,1739835005,1739835005)
      230μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#27
      Backtrace
      • 11. middleware::check_user_access:27
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_trail WHERE to_ip >= 309684047 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309684047) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 309684047 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309684047) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_token WHERE to_ip >= 309684047 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309684047) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_trail WHERE to_ip >= 309684047 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309684047) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 309684047 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309684047) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_token WHERE to_ip >= 309684047 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309684047) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_trail WHERE to_ip >= 309684047 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309684047) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 309684047 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309684047) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_token WHERE to_ip >= 309684047 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309684047) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_trail WHERE to_ip >= 309684047 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309684047) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 309684047 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309684047) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_token WHERE to_ip >= 309684047 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309684047) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_trail WHERE to_ip >= 309684047 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309684047) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 309684047 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309684047) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_token WHERE to_ip >= 309684047 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309684047) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_disease_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 309684047 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309684047) limit 1
      17.11msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#784
      Bindings
      • 0: 309684047
      • 1: 309684047
      • 2: 309684047
      • 3: 309684047
      • 4: 309684047
      • 5: 309684047
      • 6: 309684047
      • 7: 309684047
      • 8: 309684047
      • 9: 309684047
      • 10: 309684047
      • 11: 309684047
      • 12: 309684047
      • 13: 309684047
      • 14: 309684047
      • 15: 309684047
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:784
      • 15. middleware::check_user_access:114
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
    • select * from `chapter` where `chapter_id` = '2755' limit 1
      360μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ChapterController.php#1406
      Bindings
      • 0: 2755
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1406
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select CONCAT_WS(' ',au.first_name, ' ', ifnull(au.initials,''), ' ', au.last_name) as authors, CONCAT(au.last_name, IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.initials), ''), ' ', au.first_name) AS authorsRIS, CONCAT_WS(' ',au.last_name, ' ', ifnull(au.initials,''), ' ', au.first_name) as authorsCiteAs, CONCAT_WS(' ',au.first_name, IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.initials), ''), IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.last_name), '')) as authorsmodal , `au`.*, `af`.`ror_id`, `af`.`institution`, `af`.`department`, `af`.`country`, `af`.`city`, `af`.`address`, (GROUP_CONCAT(TRIM(BOTH ', ' FROM CONCAT(ifnull(concat(af.institution,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.department,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.address,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.city,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.country,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.postal_code,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.phone,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.fax,','),''))) SEPARATOR '|')) as `author_affiliation`, (GROUP_CONCAT(TRIM(BOTH ', ' FROM CONCAT(ifnull(concat(af.web_view,','),''))) SEPARATOR '|')) as `web_view` from `author` as `au` left join `author_affiliation` as `af` on `au`.`author_id` = `af`.`author_id` where `au`.`chapter_id` = '2755' group by `au`.`author_id` order by `au`.`article_id` asc, `au`.`sequence` asc
      760μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Author.php#86
      Bindings
      • 0: 2755
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Author.php:86
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1411
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `keywords` where `chapter_id` = '2755'
      360μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ChapterController.php#1415
      Bindings
      • 0: 2755
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1415
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select * from `ebook` where `ebook_id` = 146 limit 1
      280μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ChapterController.php#1430
      Bindings
      • 0: 146
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1430
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `subject_ebook` as `se` inner join `ebook` as `e` on `e`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `ebook_volume` as `v` on `v`.`ebook_id` = `e`.`ebook_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=146) and se.ebook_id!=146 and v.ebook_status='1'
      940μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#238
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:238
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1434
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select distinct v.nid as volume_id,e.nid,e.title,v.issn,v.eissn,v.isbn,v.eisbn,e.ebook_id, v.image_file_name,v.file_path,v.flyer_link,v.ebook_volume_id, v.volume_name,v.doi,v.year_id,v.introduction from `subject_ebook` as `se` inner join `ebook` as `e` on `e`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `ebook_volume` as `v` on `v`.`ebook_id` = `e`.`ebook_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=146) and se.ebook_id!=146 and v.ebook_status='1' limit 10 offset 0
      860μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#238
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:238
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1434
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `subject_journal` as `sj` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `sj`.`journal_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=146)
      460μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#255
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:255
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1435
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select distinct j.nid as journal_nid,j.title,j.subtitle,j.issn,j.eissn,j.keyword,sj.journal_id,j.image_file_name,j.flyer_link from `subject_journal` as `sj` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `sj`.`journal_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=146) limit 10 offset 0
      510μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#255
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:255
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1435
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select `e`.*, `a`.*, `y`.`year`, `e`.`ebook_volume_id` as `ebook_volume_id`, `a`.`ebook_volume_id` as `ebk_vol_id`, `e`.`ebook_id` as `ebk_ebook_id` from `ebook_volume` as `e` left join `author` as `a` on `e`.`ebook_volume_id` = `a`.`ebook_volume_id` left join `year` as `y` on `y`.`id` = `e`.`year_id` where `e`.`ebook_volume_id` = 978 and `e`.`is_uploaded` = 1
      600μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022EbookVolume.php#271
      Bindings
      • 0: 978
      • 1: 1
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/EbookVolume.php:271
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1438
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) rcd from `ebook_volume` where `ebook_id` = 146 and ebook_volume_id <> 978 limit 1
      330μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022EbookVolume.php#999
      Bindings
      • 0: 146
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/EbookVolume.php:999
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1462
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from ebook_access where content_type_id = '2755' and content_type = 'c' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      400μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from ebook_access where content_type_id = '978' and content_type = 'v' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      330μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"ebook_volume" as access_level,"" as chapter_id from `user_access_ebook_volume_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309684047 and j.to_ip >=309684047 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739835005 and j.to_date >= 1739835005 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 978) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"ebook_volume" as access_level,"" as chapter_id from `user_access_ebook_volume_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309684047 and j.to_ip >=309684047 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739835005 and j.to_date >= 1739835005 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 978) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"ebook_volume" as access_level,"" as chapter_id from `user_access_ebook_volume_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309684047 and j.to_ip >=309684047 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739835005 and j.to_date >= 1739835005 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 978)
      680μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309684047 and j.to_ip >=309684047 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739835005 and j.to_date >= 1739835005 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 2755) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309684047 and j.to_ip >=309684047 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739835005 and j.to_date >= 1739835005 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 2755) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309684047 and j.to_ip >=309684047 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739835005 and j.to_date >= 1739835005 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 2755)
      720μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 978 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739835005 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739835005 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.18msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 978
      • 3: 1739835005
      • 4: 1739835005
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='430cfb16e4132de1c2460f97a2391a99'
      310μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    4Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        A6Wij6Wuz2n7vdAUk1AZeycvCdyEQ0cFzB3tHtE4
        uc_cart_id
        430cfb16e4132de1c2460f97a2391a99
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/2755" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/2755
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "_ga_9F3B5VV3T3=GS1.1.1739835000.1.0.1739835000.60.0.0; _ga=GA1.1.1505161822.1739835001; wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IkFJSUxuRkRLNVhQNkFoZHJMMWZDZkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWUR3Z2JGdm9UY3V3Q2htdUs1NkhERHNQRm5qWU1QYWNmMlVCMDZTVTZhalArOFVHVGRvVTNWcmJTU1kxejZVWiIsIm1hYyI6IjBkZWQ5MjJkZTA0OWUwMjY3NGMzNWUzOTNmMGYyYTQ4ODJlOTE0ZTI3MmNlZGE0Y2ZmOTU1ZjcyZWFlMDg3ZjciLCJ0YWciOiIifQ%3D%3D; XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkFjY2IwbnBnRmgrbk1TQVV2MDJTaXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUjROdGljTHBHdSt1N1ZseVpxaDU1dExxM2VyU2drM2hkZm5sQnp6Y1NHMlcvVVNRYmc5Mm5ITjYvSUtYZ3hjN0pkRnNGV0RKNFRuNGFtRHZ1WVdEcUVWK2tWODBoRC9CTVl1ZCtXdmQ2NjZ4NUk2SzJyQTcvc2JVR1FxU1N1SUsiLCJtYWMiOiJiN2RiOGU0MjJlMzE0NTJiOTg2ODg0MWQ3MGYyYzg5NWYxNWZjMzAzYzAyNDA4YWY1N2RjNTQ5YmM1MTQyMWQzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImV3ektGSUtybGc1WDJhT3ZpeGVtMHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUlVzaW45bkwxLzRmZUp3eTZUcU9GZCt4a1dUaXJJS1NwWm1ybmd3YXcyME52bWtkOHExUU9RQVJITVg4RmdQQ2NUS1BudnB3Z3VPT3BCQ2c1bU5kOUw5NHFRb1JEWGlZa3ZDRk9nUU0rZTVjS3IwRHJIa3d6UnlSZU5jeFp6bTIiLCJtYWMiOiI0MWEyNmNmNzhkYWViNjc0NjM3NTc5MGZhMWIwYWZjZTc5YjAwMDhjNzBmY2U5NmVmZjE1NjEzMTI2NzAzYTk3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D_ga_9F3B5VV3T3=GS1.1.1739835000.1.0.1739835000.60.0.0; _ga=GA1.1.1505161822.1739835001; wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IkFJSUxuRkRLNVhQNkFoZHJMMWZDZkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoi" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_ga_9F3B5VV3T3" => null "_ga" => null "wayfindertarget" => null "XSRF-TOKEN" => "A6Wij6Wuz2n7vdAUk1AZeycvCdyEQ0cFzB3tHtE4" "alphaeurekaselectnet_session" => "JyWWOCDNrTCSRaoA6Ku6dEUUUadsiJkrk05fhWvg" ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mon, 17 Feb 2025 23:30:05 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlA4QW5oeTRTTHJmUklNeXd1TGxMS2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRDlaNnYwNTZGNFR1ZG01c2M1VUEvWHZVU0hnQmpnaG1mSUIwbkpFTnFXVmpldnRldGlpOUR4UGhaeWg0SEs2Yk1KcEgwU0tTZElsSyt6NU5RZExmblVqUmJCTTd3ZFRpUm5ib290QnM3OHJRMlJiODRibzZyYUpVMXIxblA4cGIiLCJtYWMiOiI3YTMwNjRmYWUzYTY4Mjg1OWQ0YzJmMzdmZGQ4NjUwYjJlMmNiN2E4NWJlNjZlNzk1NzA5ZTA2OTdiNTVlMmVmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 11:30:05 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlA4QW5oeTRTTHJmUklNeXd1TGxMS2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRDlaNnYwNTZGNFR1ZG01c2M1VUEvWHZVU0hnQmpnaG1mSUIwbkpFTnFXVmpldnRldGlpOUR4UGhaeWg0SEs2Yk1KcEgwU" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InpZN1YzbU5kVHJua0gxMWJUN2dtdlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSjlOblp2MXdqMXN5UGVrVGlIS01uSEwycDd5RjUwcmNFZ04wMUxLRmhWNFVDU2dTSW4yREcraEZVZ1JaY0FaQm15aHBJSFViWUY2ZGdkYlFWU0JOMTEwNjlvbkxKbEl0MVJlSU1EREpxSFdCQWpkQkpDcEpMUXBsN3BidmUyWXgiLCJtYWMiOiI2MzAyNGI4MTY0YTJjZDliNDVmNWY4NGJkNDY5MmU4YTA5YmQzZGM1ZGNkNGU3ZTFkZmUyMmY2MmNiZjU2NTcyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InpZN1YzbU5kVHJua0gxMWJUN2dtdlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSjlOblp2MXdqMXN5UGVrVGlIS01uSEwycDd5RjUwcmNFZ04wMUxLRmhWNFVDU2dTSW4yREcraEZ" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlA4QW5oeTRTTHJmUklNeXd1TGxMS2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRDlaNnYwNTZGNFR1ZG01c2M1VUEvWHZVU0hnQmpnaG1mSUIwbkpFTnFXVmpldnRldGlpOUR4UGhaeWg0SEs2Yk1KcEgwU0tTZElsSyt6NU5RZExmblVqUmJCTTd3ZFRpUm5ib290QnM3OHJRMlJiODRibzZyYUpVMXIxblA4cGIiLCJtYWMiOiI3YTMwNjRmYWUzYTY4Mjg1OWQ0YzJmMzdmZGQ4NjUwYjJlMmNiN2E4NWJlNjZlNzk1NzA5ZTA2OTdiNTVlMmVmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 11:30:05 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlA4QW5oeTRTTHJmUklNeXd1TGxMS2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRDlaNnYwNTZGNFR1ZG01c2M1VUEvWHZVU0hnQmpnaG1mSUIwbkpFTnFXVmpldnRldGlpOUR4UGhaeWg0SEs2Yk1KcEgwU" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InpZN1YzbU5kVHJua0gxMWJUN2dtdlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSjlOblp2MXdqMXN5UGVrVGlIS01uSEwycDd5RjUwcmNFZ04wMUxLRmhWNFVDU2dTSW4yREcraEZVZ1JaY0FaQm15aHBJSFViWUY2ZGdkYlFWU0JOMTEwNjlvbkxKbEl0MVJlSU1EREpxSFdCQWpkQkpDcEpMUXBsN3BidmUyWXgiLCJtYWMiOiI2MzAyNGI4MTY0YTJjZDliNDVmNWY4NGJkNDY5MmU4YTA5YmQzZGM1ZGNkNGU3ZTFkZmUyMmY2MmNiZjU2NTcyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InpZN1YzbU5kVHJua0gxMWJUN2dtdlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSjlOblp2MXdqMXN5UGVrVGlIS01uSEwycDd5RjUwcmNFZ04wMUxLRmhWNFVDU2dTSW4yREcraEZ" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "A6Wij6Wuz2n7vdAUk1AZeycvCdyEQ0cFzB3tHtE4" "uc_cart_id" => "430cfb16e4132de1c2460f97a2391a99" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/2755" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-17 23:30:05GET/chapter/2755112196