Integrated Control of Citrus Pests in the Mediterranean Region

The History of IPM in the Mediterranean Citriculture

Author(s): Vincenzo Vacante

Pp: 19-27 (9)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805294311201010019

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The origins of biological control, the influence of its early successes, and relevant observations and experiments conducted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the Californian citrus industry are briefly presented. These practices, along with the growing disappointment with chemical control, naturally led to the move from strict biological control to the concept of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). The history of IPM in the Mediterranean citriculture throughout that period is presented against this background, and the most important projects of classic and augmentative biological control carried out in the region are discussed. Brief information on the role of international institutions (IOBC, EU, FAO) and the scientific community in the development of IPM is also provided.


Keywords: Citriculture, Mediterranean Region, citrus pests, biological control, IPM

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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59584110 and j.to_ip >=59584110 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676666 and j.to_date >= 1740676666 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 272) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59584110 and j.to_ip >=59584110 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676666 and j.to_date >= 1740676666 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 272) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59584110 and j.to_ip >=59584110 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676666 and j.to_date >= 1740676666 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 272)
      810μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 809 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740676666 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740676666 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.47msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 809
      • 3: 1740676666
      • 4: 1740676666
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='6c17edb1d78b179e09a09dcbc6438518'
      340μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    5Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        8pxjGQl1UyTQVpeF6Ylf8GzBzEYE0etxml7JY8fh
        uc_cart_id
        6c17edb1d78b179e09a09dcbc6438518
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/272" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/272
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:16 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Thu, 27 Feb 2025 17:17:46 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkVyWU41UVdwUVZVUDFTVGZxWDNURVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQVhQaTZhWE1kaHRjT3lsY1luZjRVZS9vaWNvdnJXeWFGZGhjbm4zN1J1SHl5aFlENExhTEJpWUQyVS9FZ0RnL3VRM0ExWVdyY2t0WFFqdUJrUXRWZjJGbE5JZytmdy9HVlRyR3N0N3lmU29lU0IwQXFiRll0aVBwTk1QRUtEWkoiLCJtYWMiOiJhOWVhZWVkNWU4Y2Y5ZTliOWI2OGI1MjUwNDMwZWY5NWQ2Y2ZjYWZhNWE5ZjQzMjIxOWRlOGY4NjZiZGE3MjYyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 02 Mar 2025 05:17:46 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkVyWU41UVdwUVZVUDFTVGZxWDNURVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQVhQaTZhWE1kaHRjT3lsY1luZjRVZS9vaWNvdnJXeWFGZGhjbm4zN1J1SHl5aFlENExhTEJpWUQyVS9FZ0RnL3VRM0ExW" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Imt1b04xNksvT0NWQ3R1Q0dCOXpLV2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZTBQOFo4ejFoN1lWbkdkQ0Y0TXdENEpLc0hKR1h4azFmMFk1TUJBOGF2MUxnVHYzeUFNaEFIaVRGbGdEOHpOYy8wSlo5UHkwa1U1bTVSSjBVV3ROSzVWS2Uvc1RSNTB5elVLUGtVRWpwYms3ckVRaVlpVzNYQnNxTk1nREpBbkMiLCJtYWMiOiIzNGY5MGE1ZDVkM2UxNDhhYmJjMWM5YWU1Y2U0OTU3MzMwMTYzZWMwOTJmNmUyYjI3ODBkMzRlZGU3NWQ0MWFiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Imt1b04xNksvT0NWQ3R1Q0dCOXpLV2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZTBQOFo4ejFoN1lWbkdkQ0Y0TXdENEpLc0hKR1h4azFmMFk1TUJBOGF2MUxnVHYzeUFNaEFIaVR" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkVyWU41UVdwUVZVUDFTVGZxWDNURVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQVhQaTZhWE1kaHRjT3lsY1luZjRVZS9vaWNvdnJXeWFGZGhjbm4zN1J1SHl5aFlENExhTEJpWUQyVS9FZ0RnL3VRM0ExWVdyY2t0WFFqdUJrUXRWZjJGbE5JZytmdy9HVlRyR3N0N3lmU29lU0IwQXFiRll0aVBwTk1QRUtEWkoiLCJtYWMiOiJhOWVhZWVkNWU4Y2Y5ZTliOWI2OGI1MjUwNDMwZWY5NWQ2Y2ZjYWZhNWE5ZjQzMjIxOWRlOGY4NjZiZGE3MjYyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 02-Mar-2025 05:17:46 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkVyWU41UVdwUVZVUDFTVGZxWDNURVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQVhQaTZhWE1kaHRjT3lsY1luZjRVZS9vaWNvdnJXeWFGZGhjbm4zN1J1SHl5aFlENExhTEJpWUQyVS9FZ0RnL3VRM0ExW" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Imt1b04xNksvT0NWQ3R1Q0dCOXpLV2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZTBQOFo4ejFoN1lWbkdkQ0Y0TXdENEpLc0hKR1h4azFmMFk1TUJBOGF2MUxnVHYzeUFNaEFIaVRGbGdEOHpOYy8wSlo5UHkwa1U1bTVSSjBVV3ROSzVWS2Uvc1RSNTB5elVLUGtVRWpwYms3ckVRaVlpVzNYQnNxTk1nREpBbkMiLCJtYWMiOiIzNGY5MGE1ZDVkM2UxNDhhYmJjMWM5YWU1Y2U0OTU3MzMwMTYzZWMwOTJmNmUyYjI3ODBkMzRlZGU3NWQ0MWFiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Imt1b04xNksvT0NWQ3R1Q0dCOXpLV2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZTBQOFo4ejFoN1lWbkdkQ0Y0TXdENEpLc0hKR1h4azFmMFk1TUJBOGF2MUxnVHYzeUFNaEFIaVR" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "8pxjGQl1UyTQVpeF6Ylf8GzBzEYE0etxml7JY8fh" "uc_cart_id" => "6c17edb1d78b179e09a09dcbc6438518" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/272" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-27 17:17:46GET/chapter/272112197