The Primitive Mind and Modern Man

Folk Medicine

Author(s): John Alan Cohan

Pp: 236-245 (10)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805087111001010236

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Folk cultures are self-sufficient, interdependent groups that are homogenous in race and custom, retaining traditional customs and getting along with simple technology. There is usually a strong attraction to things of the earth and strong bonds to lands, employing obsolete means of production. These cultures endorse traditional healing practices (“folk medicine”), often in addition to shamans, medicine-men or modern medicine. Modern physicians often label some of their practices as superstitious or bogus. Folk healers abound in urban centers with significant population of immigrants who are attuned to folk medicine. Like shamans, folk healers usually attribute illness to “personalistic,” or unnatural causes-such as a spell or a spirit of an ancestor causing the illness. People seek folk healers for culture-bound syndromes such as running amok, lulu, susto, or for the evil eye. Also, folk healers are sought for non-somatic concerns, such as for fortune-telling, advice or help in ending bad luck, in bringing back an errant spouse, etc. Curanderos are popular folk healers among Mexican and Latin American people, and they incorporate Catholic religious symbols in addition to herbal concoctions, wild plants, bone-manipulation, “energy techniques,” massage and practical advice. In Mexico a great number of folk practitioners are known as spiritists. They go into a trance-possession state, much as shamans do, and employ ritual cleansing, purgatives, massages, baths, spiritual surgeries, religious ritual, as well as pharmaceuticals. In many instances the patient has an evil spirit that requires extraction. Catholic folk healers, called rezadeiras, use prayers, rituals, advice, charms, herbs and pharmaceuticals to treat common ailments as well as complaints of the evil eye. In Guatemala the people invoke a Mayan figure known as San Simon-a trickster spirit of many talents. He is the patron saint of businessmen as well as healer of illnesses, and no task is beyond his potential assistance. A popular folk hero known as Jesus Malverde is a powerful influence on people in Mexico as well as immigrants in the United States. Rootwork, an African-American form of voodoo, constitutes a significant part of the world view of many people in the Southern United States and in Mexico. Root doctors combine a belief in the magical causation of illness (usually thought to be hexes) with cures by sorcery. Native Americans often participate in some form of traditional healing-whether attending a Sun Dance ceremony, consulting with a shaman, or participating in singing rites, purification rites, or the use of herbal remedies and medicine wheels. In the Philippines “psychic surgery” has become a very popular and “miraculous” folk healing. The claim is that these healers open up the patient’s body with bare hands and “remove” organic material such as palm leaves, seeds, hair or even blood, tumors and diseased tissue.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316451725 and j.to_ip >=316451725 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740700626 and j.to_date >= 1740700626 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 2646) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316451725 and j.to_ip >=316451725 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740700626 and j.to_date >= 1740700626 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 2646) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316451725 and j.to_ip >=316451725 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740700626 and j.to_date >= 1740700626 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 2646)
      960μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 968 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740700626 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740700626 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.11msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 968
      • 3: 1740700626
      • 4: 1740700626
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='8a6909ed1f59a65802de980a619b8328'
      370μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Keywords
    1Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        ze1xwd2zN3tbZ3tYer9Q6xygVbzLgihUBKfT6Jg4
        uc_cart_id
        8a6909ed1f59a65802de980a619b8328
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/2646" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/2646
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:16 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Thu, 27 Feb 2025 23:57:06 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImJ4eXhEMUNxQ0FiaDhYUm83L3gwNXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMlNRTStpaFpTN0RqUzZUUlA0eXg2OVNXTmt6NEU2dFFNL1FPNzlVcmxiVXhLSDRDVlYvSWxzVVZNQUZ1SDE4T1ZKL3ZJMW1PeFJQc040WDJzU0lrUzZVY29CU1BNMGluUlpCWFREQUVHbmM4SXNvakNzQ0VRbmdqazd0QVFVUVYiLCJtYWMiOiI2NDFmOTM2YTRhZjU3ZjAzMjY3NzZiNjJjNDhlOGE5ZThjYzY2OTgwODZkNWYyYTEwYjA2NTdlMDFkNTBmMDhiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 02 Mar 2025 11:57:06 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImJ4eXhEMUNxQ0FiaDhYUm83L3gwNXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMlNRTStpaFpTN0RqUzZUUlA0eXg2OVNXTmt6NEU2dFFNL1FPNzlVcmxiVXhLSDRDVlYvSWxzVVZNQUZ1SDE4T1ZKL3ZJM" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IllvWEppQS9uT1FKTkpMNnpUZ3BwUXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaGxlSmdzZEhYSHdTbHJiL09pcEt3a1lmZUgrbHBxQmVDRVh3WGt5ZVRLcjZ3TEtrbmYvd3JUNm9pZVJBVktFdEpHRVRLb2oyNUF2MXBkMzNTYktlSWx6dVcrRGphSE0wTEJyQzVrK0crTzFDeWZ4RjZUaVVwQmhNUTlkbk44Um8iLCJtYWMiOiI2ZmMxOTkwNTY5ZTVlY2I1ODQxZTE2ZDY3M2Y0YzVkY2UyMWE2MjVkNTZkYzY2NGFjYzBlMzJlOGU4YTA1YzhlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IllvWEppQS9uT1FKTkpMNnpUZ3BwUXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaGxlSmdzZEhYSHdTbHJiL09pcEt3a1lmZUgrbHBxQmVDRVh3WGt5ZVRLcjZ3TEtrbmYvd3JUNm9" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImJ4eXhEMUNxQ0FiaDhYUm83L3gwNXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMlNRTStpaFpTN0RqUzZUUlA0eXg2OVNXTmt6NEU2dFFNL1FPNzlVcmxiVXhLSDRDVlYvSWxzVVZNQUZ1SDE4T1ZKL3ZJMW1PeFJQc040WDJzU0lrUzZVY29CU1BNMGluUlpCWFREQUVHbmM4SXNvakNzQ0VRbmdqazd0QVFVUVYiLCJtYWMiOiI2NDFmOTM2YTRhZjU3ZjAzMjY3NzZiNjJjNDhlOGE5ZThjYzY2OTgwODZkNWYyYTEwYjA2NTdlMDFkNTBmMDhiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 02-Mar-2025 11:57:06 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImJ4eXhEMUNxQ0FiaDhYUm83L3gwNXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMlNRTStpaFpTN0RqUzZUUlA0eXg2OVNXTmt6NEU2dFFNL1FPNzlVcmxiVXhLSDRDVlYvSWxzVVZNQUZ1SDE4T1ZKL3ZJM" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IllvWEppQS9uT1FKTkpMNnpUZ3BwUXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaGxlSmdzZEhYSHdTbHJiL09pcEt3a1lmZUgrbHBxQmVDRVh3WGt5ZVRLcjZ3TEtrbmYvd3JUNm9pZVJBVktFdEpHRVRLb2oyNUF2MXBkMzNTYktlSWx6dVcrRGphSE0wTEJyQzVrK0crTzFDeWZ4RjZUaVVwQmhNUTlkbk44Um8iLCJtYWMiOiI2ZmMxOTkwNTY5ZTVlY2I1ODQxZTE2ZDY3M2Y0YzVkY2UyMWE2MjVkNTZkYzY2NGFjYzBlMzJlOGU4YTA1YzhlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IllvWEppQS9uT1FKTkpMNnpUZ3BwUXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaGxlSmdzZEhYSHdTbHJiL09pcEt3a1lmZUgrbHBxQmVDRVh3WGt5ZVRLcjZ3TEtrbmYvd3JUNm9" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "ze1xwd2zN3tbZ3tYer9Q6xygVbzLgihUBKfT6Jg4" "uc_cart_id" => "8a6909ed1f59a65802de980a619b8328" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/2646" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-27 23:57:06GET/chapter/2646112193