Fundamentals of Cellular and Molecular Biology

Molecular Basis of Hepatitis C

Author(s): Muneeb Ur Rehman and Hafiz Zain Ul Abideen * .

Pp: 201-211 (11)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815238037124010018

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a significant cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. The molecular basis of HCV infection and replication has been extensively studied, leading to the identification of vital viral proteins and their interactions with host factors. The HCV genome encodes a single polyprotein cleaved by host and viral proteases into individual proteins, including the core, envelope glycoproteins (E1 and E2), p7, NS2, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A, and NS5B. These viral proteins play critical roles in virus assembly, entry, replication, and evasion of host immune responses. The HCV envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2 are responsible for virus attachment and entry into host cells through interactions with various host receptors, including CD81, scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI), and tight junction proteins. The viral protein NS3 has multiple functions, including protease and helicase activities, which are critical for viral RNA replication. NS5A is an essential component of the viral replication complex and regulates viral RNA replication, virion assembly, and modulation of host immune responses. NS5B is the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase responsible for viral RNA synthesis. The molecular mechanisms underlying HCVinduced pathogenesis and the development of chronic infection remain poorly understood. However, recent studies have shed light on the interactions between HCV and host factors, including the innate and adaptive immune responses and the roles of viral proteins in modulating these responses. These insights have led to new antiviral therapies, including direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) that target viral proteins in RNA replication. 

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      • 14. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:784
      • 15. middleware::check_user_access:114
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      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:238
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      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:255
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51718564 and j.to_ip >=51718564 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740515781 and j.to_date >= 1740515781 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 22296) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51718564 and j.to_ip >=51718564 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740515781 and j.to_date >= 1740515781 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 22296) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51718564 and j.to_ip >=51718564 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740515781 and j.to_date >= 1740515781 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 22296)
      540μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3705 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740515781 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740515781 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.5msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3705
      • 3: 1740515781
      • 4: 1740515781
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='4519771338534b34968eb35716c72691'
      320μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        PQ99TKZmS53sy9HU28kcFXpf0PRcRfENS76kbQxw
        uc_cart_id
        4519771338534b34968eb35716c72691
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/22296" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/22296
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IkVobjQ0T2JaSldHb0psOVd4RzM1Qmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSDVtbDdmckFWZVlDNmZFSEhtQ0haQWVRR2w5dFJIQU9FVFNTU1VMWUNGND0iLCJtYWMiOiIwYTk0NDdkNzQwNGY5ZmZjY2Y5YTNhY2FhNGJjYjVjMTVlMzUwOWEzNWEwOGI0YTdhYjVkNzczMjM3ZjAxYzRlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ikd5MDdHZjBvelBoTlRtbEYxRmpxdUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiM2ZCa2piQlFXditvcWNiWEhNY3ljY3B3b1FtbmlQbE03N3VaMDlXTlpReVRObXFVWGdUb0R1NlhWQlVPY1YveEFiUHZQMTBuUjJTYjdjaG05allzZ0gvTStyVUxoZ05mZ04vQnl3UUVGV1pOR2hBUU0yVk10d0l6bERMUmhTUVoiLCJtYWMiOiJmZTI3NWQ4ZDQ3OGQ1ZDg2OTYzZjllMTMwNmJlZTlmMjk2OThiNWFiNjY0MTgwNmE0MWJlOTVhYzkzY2RmMTQzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjdXYlBJT1ZLNEFybk9vb2kvM3NteUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVWZ5SlNOVm0remI0WUMvcHVEaG5odVRMTjhMT2JVbWJwTkRtWDVUTllVQjdjMWdqVXV1SVFPK0FLYnMvbDM5V2Zicmhtbmo5SXVSYUZ2aklFajVsSFlxN2JBc3NYMy84eWFWYU1KcWlsQXoyNDBYWEQ5NnRHZ0xyTmVua2VZcUQiLCJtYWMiOiJmZjYxZjRjNzMxODgwNDY0OTU4YzA1ZDVhZDEyZDUwZDliMjRlZjI5Njk2YTI4NTAzNjJlOWFhYTZjNzYwM2QwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IkVobjQ0T2JaSldHb0psOVd4RzM1Qmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSDVtbDdmckFWZVlDNmZFSEhtQ0haQWVRR2w5dFJIQU9FVFNTU1VMWUNGND0iLCJtYWMiOiIwYTk0NDdkNzQwNGY5" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
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        response_headers
        0 of 0
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        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "PQ99TKZmS53sy9HU28kcFXpf0PRcRfENS76kbQxw" "uc_cart_id" => "4519771338534b34968eb35716c72691" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/22296" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 20:36:21GET/chapter/22296112192