Fundamentals of Cellular and Molecular Biology

The Cell and its Molecular Constituents

Author(s): Samiullah Sajid* and Imran Abdullah

Pp: 1-14 (14)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815238037124010003

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The cell is the basic unit of life and the fundamental building block of all living organisms. It is a complex and dynamic structure composed of various molecular constituents. These constituents include the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, and genetic material. The plasma membrane is a thin, flexible layer that separates the cell from its surroundings and regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell. The cytoplasm is a gel-like substance that contains various organelles, such as mitochondria, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum, which are involved in multiple cellular functions. The genetic material, composed of DNA and RNA, contains instructions for synthesizing proteins, the building blocks of life. The cell and its molecular constituents play vital roles in maintaining the organism’s integrity, responding to environmental cues, and carrying out essential physiological functions. Understanding the organization and function of these molecular constituents is crucial for advancing our knowledge of biology and developing new therapies for various diseases.

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      • 14. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:784
      • 15. middleware::check_user_access:114
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      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:238
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1434
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:255
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59584110 and j.to_ip >=59584110 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740497024 and j.to_date >= 1740497024 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 22281) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59584110 and j.to_ip >=59584110 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740497024 and j.to_date >= 1740497024 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 22281) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59584110 and j.to_ip >=59584110 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740497024 and j.to_date >= 1740497024 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 22281)
      940μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3705 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740497024 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740497024 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.54msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3705
      • 3: 1740497024
      • 4: 1740497024
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='c125ca6a3a9c10916a20e634bc8461d9'
      280μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        zVx333lLztZ7a9zhezZartproZp6M7wdgQ9Wgy8n
        uc_cart_id
        c125ca6a3a9c10916a20e634bc8461d9
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/22281" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/22281
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IlluWWN5R3VXMTRZS1lKZDQxN2tRTnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNlpobG1LR3BoWWxTVVZ4K0tWaGZySmhuTW5ZTnBwbExhWi8xWUJOQ3pOVT0iLCJtYWMiOiIzZGIxMzdjMjhkZmYwZWFjZmU1NjQ2MWNhMmRkNmYyMmI1ZjA4YTQ5NzFhYjIyZTBiNDYyNzIzMzlhN2I2NWU1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IlluWWN5R3VXMTRZS1lKZDQxN2tRTnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNlpobG1LR3BoWWxTVVZ4K0tWaGZySmhuTW5ZTnBwbExhWi8xWUJOQ3pOVT0iLCJtYWMiOiIzZGIxMzdjMjhkZmYw" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 15:23:44 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImtXQzd3a2xrbzNsalZKSnR1VXZQaGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibWVKSFpWMDdTNjRySkpmL3BhSms5K2JJQm1oanBKa0V1dzloTkRZSVdYbjJlejcvYjJTRWRjaENpNktSU0luQm9yem5qYlBaT25wNEF3RHdBNjF1T1ZUU3dnU3hENTMvNk5ady9iY2ZiR1YrQ3JSbFZiK25tcGdqQjFrUGp2MW4iLCJtYWMiOiIxMjdmZDI0YzllMGU1M2U2YWYzOWM5ZjAyOGRmNzBmMmQ2ZjI5NTgyMjYzMmI5Nzg5N2RhMWNjNzhmOTIzNzFiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28 Feb 2025 03:23:44 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImtXQzd3a2xrbzNsalZKSnR1VXZQaGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibWVKSFpWMDdTNjRySkpmL3BhSms5K2JJQm1oanBKa0V1dzloTkRZSVdYbjJlejcvYjJTRWRjaENpNktSU0luQm9yem5qY" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InlqUE9RZmlxaEtQeHRqRDF4aXVZR3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNnlnMFFsZkZOd3B1YUFkMFIwMkk4VkFJV3RHZVE0VTVuQUVvQzBVZVB3V2JoRE9YSDJ6VkRuaUxPRVhld0xaMjFpWVN1aFIrZXRYaWE4TllRdFlHLzB4bFN0dTRoZ1dRVGNuMWJRWExIUlFYZU5vKzd1L1gxYm9JTWxPZzRyQysiLCJtYWMiOiI2NjY5NGJlY2IxNTFmNzk0MDhkM2Y3N2ZiZjM4MGUxZjBjYzgyZjFhOWJhNTk2OTM4Yjk1OGVkNTUyMTU5MDZkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InlqUE9RZmlxaEtQeHRqRDF4aXVZR3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNnlnMFFsZkZOd3B1YUFkMFIwMkk4VkFJV3RHZVE0VTVuQUVvQzBVZVB3V2JoRE9YSDJ6VkRuaUx" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImtXQzd3a2xrbzNsalZKSnR1VXZQaGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibWVKSFpWMDdTNjRySkpmL3BhSms5K2JJQm1oanBKa0V1dzloTkRZSVdYbjJlejcvYjJTRWRjaENpNktSU0luQm9yem5qYlBaT25wNEF3RHdBNjF1T1ZUU3dnU3hENTMvNk5ady9iY2ZiR1YrQ3JSbFZiK25tcGdqQjFrUGp2MW4iLCJtYWMiOiIxMjdmZDI0YzllMGU1M2U2YWYzOWM5ZjAyOGRmNzBmMmQ2ZjI5NTgyMjYzMmI5Nzg5N2RhMWNjNzhmOTIzNzFiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28-Feb-2025 03:23:44 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImtXQzd3a2xrbzNsalZKSnR1VXZQaGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibWVKSFpWMDdTNjRySkpmL3BhSms5K2JJQm1oanBKa0V1dzloTkRZSVdYbjJlejcvYjJTRWRjaENpNktSU0luQm9yem5qY" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InlqUE9RZmlxaEtQeHRqRDF4aXVZR3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNnlnMFFsZkZOd3B1YUFkMFIwMkk4VkFJV3RHZVE0VTVuQUVvQzBVZVB3V2JoRE9YSDJ6VkRuaUxPRVhld0xaMjFpWVN1aFIrZXRYaWE4TllRdFlHLzB4bFN0dTRoZ1dRVGNuMWJRWExIUlFYZU5vKzd1L1gxYm9JTWxPZzRyQysiLCJtYWMiOiI2NjY5NGJlY2IxNTFmNzk0MDhkM2Y3N2ZiZjM4MGUxZjBjYzgyZjFhOWJhNTk2OTM4Yjk1OGVkNTUyMTU5MDZkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InlqUE9RZmlxaEtQeHRqRDF4aXVZR3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNnlnMFFsZkZOd3B1YUFkMFIwMkk4VkFJV3RHZVE0VTVuQUVvQzBVZVB3V2JoRE9YSDJ6VkRuaUx" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "zVx333lLztZ7a9zhezZartproZp6M7wdgQ9Wgy8n" "uc_cart_id" => "c125ca6a3a9c10916a20e634bc8461d9" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/22281" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 15:23:44GET/chapter/22281112192