Animal Models In Experimental Medicine

Animal Models for the Study of Osteoporosis

Author(s): Saba Abdi * .

Pp: 221-245 (25)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815196382124010014

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Osteoporosis (OP) is a widespread disease characterized by reduced bone mass and disruption of bone microarchitecture. The association of this chronic metabolic condition with increased skeletal fragility and vulnerability to fracture is well-established. Although OP is both preventable and curable, being a clinically silent disease, it goes undetected until it manifests in the form of a fragility fracture. These fractures are associated with significant morbidity and mortality among patients. More than 200 million people worldwide are currently suffering from OP, making this critical disease a major public health concern. Due to ongoing demographic changes, the medical and socioeconomic impact of OP is predicted to increase further. However, to date, the management of OP remains a challenge, which necessitates the need for further research to fully understand its molecular mechanism and to establish novel prevention strategies and more effective treatment approaches. Animal models of OP are used widely as appropriate tools to enhance knowledge about disease etiology as well as to do pre-clinical evaluation of treatment and prevention strategies. This chapter aims to overview the currently available well-established animal models of OP with a focus on the ovariectomized rat model for postmenopausal OP. The information provided may help researchers to select an appropriate model in accordance with their research objective.

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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51359721 and j.to_ip >=51359721 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848503 and j.to_date >= 1739848503 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 21471) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51359721 and j.to_ip >=51359721 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848503 and j.to_date >= 1739848503 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 21471) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51359721 and j.to_ip >=51359721 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848503 and j.to_date >= 1739848503 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 21471)
      840μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3657 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739848503 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739848503 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.46msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3657
      • 3: 1739848503
      • 4: 1739848503
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='7f63eeac7c418345957577ddced64e6c'
      460μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        lgmVyg9sYssGpAs50rX3FnRkasuK7ZMuOitLGVru
        uc_cart_id
        7f63eeac7c418345957577ddced64e6c
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/21471" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/21471
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6ImVmSkkzTTdEdXNiWTI5SVdTZ1hEaUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVWExaUpsdEx6dTZjeC96eEovQkpiQnQ4V2ZzRFRzc0QwUjZsRmk4WlNPVT0iLCJtYWMiOiI4ZjZmOThlZGM2ZjQ5ZWJiYzg1NmI2NjE2ZjE4MDUzODBmYzE2NjNlNjZjMWY0OGI4ZjIyN2JlMjM4YjZjYzkwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6ImVmSkkzTTdEdXNiWTI5SVdTZ1hEaUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVWExaUpsdEx6dTZjeC96eEovQkpiQnQ4V2ZzRFRzc0QwUjZsRmk4WlNPVT0iLCJtYWMiOiI4ZjZmOThlZGM2ZjQ5" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 18 Feb 2025 03:15:03 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ik1iak94UjlvTHAyM3VocHMyYk1PUkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRzBUSmRydk1mTWRyb3k2TExDNGpJSHlBOFBVd2s3R2F3U3hFY2FnY1lCYzRXNFZPdHBFSHdwZFp2S2lQZUM2TTFoR3ZaYktXMXg3QVo1Q0V2aHpMemlieENUN3VCNXU4TU5Ha0QyQkFETUMxSUhVSEFNVms3bzYwU3JVc1FhbzYiLCJtYWMiOiJiMGU0MWFmMmFiMzE2Mzg0ZjVlOGM0ZjIyZmFkMzAxNzQ1Mjc4NWNlNmMwNmZmNTkwNTFmMjVkMzg3MTYxNjM1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 15:15:03 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ik1iak94UjlvTHAyM3VocHMyYk1PUkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRzBUSmRydk1mTWRyb3k2TExDNGpJSHlBOFBVd2s3R2F3U3hFY2FnY1lCYzRXNFZPdHBFSHdwZFp2S2lQZUM2TTFoR3ZaY" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImZ2RXdGelVKbzk3RDJVYUJ2V090QkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiL0dLQ1hhMEN2MFFCc2dYdVpJN0ZWREpuRDFtMEJZcjFDVm9vaTNtY1pMYmgvWTQrSDlRSXBnTTNLbEVJQ3hLUHk0OUZxZ1dKQ0dJdG1ZSEoyNlJ6dmYwRHdjNVFFT3k3ME81YmpuYkZHWWFWaTZPNmlIS3BzQ0pqSytvaDl5bk4iLCJtYWMiOiJmMTBlMjcxYzY2YTA0NGU5MjYzZDUxOTRiNmZmZTI1YWM4NmNmOWNjMDA4ODljYmY2NTUxMThmMjBjZGJkMDJjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImZ2RXdGelVKbzk3RDJVYUJ2V090QkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiL0dLQ1hhMEN2MFFCc2dYdVpJN0ZWREpuRDFtMEJZcjFDVm9vaTNtY1pMYmgvWTQrSDlRSXBnTTN" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ik1iak94UjlvTHAyM3VocHMyYk1PUkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRzBUSmRydk1mTWRyb3k2TExDNGpJSHlBOFBVd2s3R2F3U3hFY2FnY1lCYzRXNFZPdHBFSHdwZFp2S2lQZUM2TTFoR3ZaYktXMXg3QVo1Q0V2aHpMemlieENUN3VCNXU4TU5Ha0QyQkFETUMxSUhVSEFNVms3bzYwU3JVc1FhbzYiLCJtYWMiOiJiMGU0MWFmMmFiMzE2Mzg0ZjVlOGM0ZjIyZmFkMzAxNzQ1Mjc4NWNlNmMwNmZmNTkwNTFmMjVkMzg3MTYxNjM1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 15:15:03 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ik1iak94UjlvTHAyM3VocHMyYk1PUkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRzBUSmRydk1mTWRyb3k2TExDNGpJSHlBOFBVd2s3R2F3U3hFY2FnY1lCYzRXNFZPdHBFSHdwZFp2S2lQZUM2TTFoR3ZaY" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImZ2RXdGelVKbzk3RDJVYUJ2V090QkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiL0dLQ1hhMEN2MFFCc2dYdVpJN0ZWREpuRDFtMEJZcjFDVm9vaTNtY1pMYmgvWTQrSDlRSXBnTTNLbEVJQ3hLUHk0OUZxZ1dKQ0dJdG1ZSEoyNlJ6dmYwRHdjNVFFT3k3ME81YmpuYkZHWWFWaTZPNmlIS3BzQ0pqSytvaDl5bk4iLCJtYWMiOiJmMTBlMjcxYzY2YTA0NGU5MjYzZDUxOTRiNmZmZTI1YWM4NmNmOWNjMDA4ODljYmY2NTUxMThmMjBjZGJkMDJjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImZ2RXdGelVKbzk3RDJVYUJ2V090QkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiL0dLQ1hhMEN2MFFCc2dYdVpJN0ZWREpuRDFtMEJZcjFDVm9vaTNtY1pMYmgvWTQrSDlRSXBnTTN" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "lgmVyg9sYssGpAs50rX3FnRkasuK7ZMuOitLGVru" "uc_cart_id" => "7f63eeac7c418345957577ddced64e6c" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/21471" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 03:15:03GET/chapter/21471112192