Animal Models In Experimental Medicine

Animal Models of Food Allergy

Author(s): Talal Adnan Basha * .

Pp: 143-171 (29)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815196382124010011

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Food allergy can result in significant morbidity and mortality in adults and children. Animals are used to study and explore the pathological mechanisms of foodinduced sensitization and allergic reactions, and for experimenting with new modalities of treatment. Murine species became the preferred choice as a model of food allergy given the large accumulated work done in this field using the murine species leading to solid experience and development of valid experiential tools to characterize and assess immune mechanisms and reactions to food antigens. Other animals are used with varying success and have advantages and disadvantages such as rats, guinea pigs, dogs, pigs, and sheep. This chapter will describe these animal models highlighting their advantages and disadvantages and similarities to human immune systems.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 60060432 and j.to_ip >=60060432 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847368 and j.to_date >= 1739847368 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 21468) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 60060432 and j.to_ip >=60060432 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847368 and j.to_date >= 1739847368 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 21468) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 60060432 and j.to_ip >=60060432 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847368 and j.to_date >= 1739847368 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 21468)
      590μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3657 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739847368 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739847368 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.47msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3657
      • 3: 1739847368
      • 4: 1739847368
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='8b5c811ed2adf73746c845c2922622db'
      290μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        gnYwFNvsW6vH13ltYaBX1aMibQg4jeJkR4YniB01
        uc_cart_id
        8b5c811ed2adf73746c845c2922622db
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/21468" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/21468
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Ikovajd0ckdpR3hjdHNHaE51Vlk4Qmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSi9ibi83bCtkWkVPQWpvL0hzR0wrY3VHRVcyWFR3eHV4RmtTK2g1SjFkYz0iLCJtYWMiOiJhNzI3MjIwMGY5NDVjMWZhNzFlYjQzYTU4MWExOGFjZjEyZjY4OWM1MDcxYzQ1YTY1NmU1YmZjODQ2NmUwODFjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Ikovajd0ckdpR3hjdHNHaE51Vlk4Qmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSi9ibi83bCtkWkVPQWpvL0hzR0wrY3VHRVcyWFR3eHV4RmtTK2g1SjFkYz0iLCJtYWMiOiJhNzI3MjIwMGY5NDVj" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 18 Feb 2025 02:56:08 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Iml0WUYwcGlhcjVBNk1CNjVpSTRVRlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaW1KUE5IVGRPUWJWdSt6MFViT2QrYUczQ3ZRSW4rUG93N0g0aGFwcGhHTDlrdzdRZHl0dWM0cFgxOEY0WmNqSWZlNjlUdkxmaENqbUk0cXEwUGw0RUFJL1Y5TG9iNncwc1hxK2diM1VNbUxrblhPclovUXJvYTJnSXU4bndwWnUiLCJtYWMiOiIxOGU1OTlmMTk0ZDdjN2U3MTZiN2FiNGRjODZlZGRkYjIzNDJlOGZhODk5YWNiYTM5MjNlYTFhYzZjMzAyN2VlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 14:56:08 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Iml0WUYwcGlhcjVBNk1CNjVpSTRVRlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaW1KUE5IVGRPUWJWdSt6MFViT2QrYUczQ3ZRSW4rUG93N0g0aGFwcGhHTDlrdzdRZHl0dWM0cFgxOEY0WmNqSWZlNjlUd" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkFvendEZFBuZEEzUGNwTGs1bjNTM1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUXFxdGZlbUUraWVtOUxoYzNFOG5OdW5oZkRJQnBBQ3ZnRy9CZzMwQjhHV0QwWUtjRVFNUjZ1bkQ3MmpPZXplbjNkdC8xeTVwWmNjaXRvMGFnMmtYcUZpRlpJc3dUNDI2clNNMk9QV3NBUkNWUnAxb3M5d29QNkNiQVBRKzNHL0kiLCJtYWMiOiIyYjY5ZDQ4MGE4ODlhZGIyMjc3Mjc3YjY3ZTU0OWNmM2U4MTNhN2ExYTdiYTNlNThhNmQxNzc3ZWY4MjNlYzc3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkFvendEZFBuZEEzUGNwTGs1bjNTM1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUXFxdGZlbUUraWVtOUxoYzNFOG5OdW5oZkRJQnBBQ3ZnRy9CZzMwQjhHV0QwWUtjRVFNUjZ1bkQ" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Iml0WUYwcGlhcjVBNk1CNjVpSTRVRlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaW1KUE5IVGRPUWJWdSt6MFViT2QrYUczQ3ZRSW4rUG93N0g0aGFwcGhHTDlrdzdRZHl0dWM0cFgxOEY0WmNqSWZlNjlUdkxmaENqbUk0cXEwUGw0RUFJL1Y5TG9iNncwc1hxK2diM1VNbUxrblhPclovUXJvYTJnSXU4bndwWnUiLCJtYWMiOiIxOGU1OTlmMTk0ZDdjN2U3MTZiN2FiNGRjODZlZGRkYjIzNDJlOGZhODk5YWNiYTM5MjNlYTFhYzZjMzAyN2VlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 14:56:08 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Iml0WUYwcGlhcjVBNk1CNjVpSTRVRlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaW1KUE5IVGRPUWJWdSt6MFViT2QrYUczQ3ZRSW4rUG93N0g0aGFwcGhHTDlrdzdRZHl0dWM0cFgxOEY0WmNqSWZlNjlUd" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkFvendEZFBuZEEzUGNwTGs1bjNTM1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUXFxdGZlbUUraWVtOUxoYzNFOG5OdW5oZkRJQnBBQ3ZnRy9CZzMwQjhHV0QwWUtjRVFNUjZ1bkQ3MmpPZXplbjNkdC8xeTVwWmNjaXRvMGFnMmtYcUZpRlpJc3dUNDI2clNNMk9QV3NBUkNWUnAxb3M5d29QNkNiQVBRKzNHL0kiLCJtYWMiOiIyYjY5ZDQ4MGE4ODlhZGIyMjc3Mjc3YjY3ZTU0OWNmM2U4MTNhN2ExYTdiYTNlNThhNmQxNzc3ZWY4MjNlYzc3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkFvendEZFBuZEEzUGNwTGs1bjNTM1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUXFxdGZlbUUraWVtOUxoYzNFOG5OdW5oZkRJQnBBQ3ZnRy9CZzMwQjhHV0QwWUtjRVFNUjZ1bkQ" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "gnYwFNvsW6vH13ltYaBX1aMibQg4jeJkR4YniB01" "uc_cart_id" => "8b5c811ed2adf73746c845c2922622db" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/21468" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 02:56:08GET/chapter/21468112192