Animal Models In Experimental Medicine

Autoimmune Diseases in Animals

Author(s): Noufa Al Onazi*, Mona Alanazi, Ghfren Aloraini and Aisha Al Anazi

Pp: 55-92 (38)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815196382124010006

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Autoimmune diseases, known as immune-mediated diseases, occur when the immune system targets and attacks its own cells. In the field of medicine, there is a wide range of autoimmune conditions, including insulin-dependent Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus T1DM, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus T2DM, Rheumatoid Arthritis RA, and Thyroiditis. These diseases can either be primary, with no clearly defined cause, or secondary, triggered by factors such as medications, infections, or malignancies. Animal models have proven invaluable for gaining insights into the underlying pathologies, causes, and specific signaling pathways associated with human autoimmune diseases. This is because these animal models share physiological similarities with humans and have shorter lifespans, allowing researchers to observe the entire disease progression. To replicate the complexity of autoimmune diseases in experimental models, researchers utilize various animal species, including monkeys, rabbits, rats, and mice. These methods can be broadly categorized into three strategies: immunization with autoantigens, transfer of autoimmunity, and induction through environmental factors. Numerous studies have been conducted using animal models to investigate the immunological pathophysiology of RA and assess the effectiveness of anti-rheumatic medications. There are several mouse models designed to mimic RAlike disease, each focusing on specific aspects of the condition. While animal models come with limitations, such as incomplete disease manifestations and limited genetic similarity to humans due to human genetic diversity, they remain an essential tool for understanding the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Among the various animal models used in research, mice and other rodents like rats and hamsters account for over 90% of the total number of animals employed in these studies.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59755419 and j.to_ip >=59755419 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847749 and j.to_date >= 1739847749 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 21463) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59755419 and j.to_ip >=59755419 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847749 and j.to_date >= 1739847749 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 21463) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59755419 and j.to_ip >=59755419 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847749 and j.to_date >= 1739847749 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 21463)
      780μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3657 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739847749 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739847749 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.17msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3657
      • 3: 1739847749
      • 4: 1739847749
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='701642ba3f9065713d9390344cab811b'
      210μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        dDYE2BDDhMQEdZQ1VFiIoGCWKiYeu7IhOJghyqlG
        uc_cart_id
        701642ba3f9065713d9390344cab811b
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/21463" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/21463
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
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        response_headers
        0 of 0
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        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 03:02:29GET/chapter/21463112192