Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography for Choroidal and Vitreoretinal Disorders – Part 2

Branch and Central Retina Artery Occlusion and its treatment according to OCT-A Findings

Author(s): Geraint J. Parfitt and Miguel A. Quiroz-Reyes * .

Pp: 189-216 (28)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815196658123010012

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The retina requires a large blood supply to cope with the metabolic demands of the tissue, so it is vulnerable to hypoxia when the arterial blood flow is obstructed. Retinal artery occlusions are not common, but they can cause severe vision loss and may be indicative of cardiovascular disorders, such as cerebral stroke and ischemic heart disease. The central retinal artery arises from the ophthalmic artery and its branches supply blood to the inner retina via the superficial capillary plexus. Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is characterized by an obstruction to the central retinal artery that often presents with severe vision loss and a poor prognosis. Branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) is defined by a blockage of a branch of the central retinal artery, which typically has a good prognosis if visual acuity is 20/40 or better on presentation. Optical coherence tomography-angiography (OCT-A) is a rapid, highresolution imaging technique that can visualize the microvasculature of the retinal layers, including the superficial and deep capillary plexuses.
Therefore, it is possible to determine the microvascular changes that occur following retinal artery occlusions, and before and after potential therapies that are being actively researched. Therapies under investigation for the treatment of CRAO and BRAO include hyperbaric oxygen, fibrinolysis, and embolysis with laser therapy. In this chapter, the capabilities of OCT-A imaging to visualize and quantify retinal microvascular changes following CRAO and BRAO are assessed. Moreover, the use of OCT-A to understand the benefit of potential therapies is reviewed. 

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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 221975217 and j.to_ip >=221975217 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739835112 and j.to_date >= 1739835112 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 21362) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 221975217 and j.to_ip >=221975217 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739835112 and j.to_date >= 1739835112 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 21362) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 221975217 and j.to_ip >=221975217 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739835112 and j.to_date >= 1739835112 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 21362)
      640μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3649 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739835112 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739835112 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.09msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3649
      • 3: 1739835112
      • 4: 1739835112
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='bd69562e8fcb00a480b1ca5a9d8d86b9'
      250μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        YQW1Vh59f4UHr0Rjfo3F8oUCan65bIHex207LlhM
        uc_cart_id
        bd69562e8fcb00a480b1ca5a9d8d86b9
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/21362" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/21362
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
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        response_headers
        0 of 0
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        array:5 [ "_token" => "YQW1Vh59f4UHr0Rjfo3F8oUCan65bIHex207LlhM" "uc_cart_id" => "bd69562e8fcb00a480b1ca5a9d8d86b9" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/21362" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-17 23:31:52GET/chapter/21362112192