Advances in Dye Degradation

Volume: 1

Recent Techniques in Dye Degradation: A Biological Approach

Author(s): Nagaraj Revathi, Jeyaraj Dhaveethu Raja, Jegathalaprathaban Rajesh and Murugesan Sankarganesh * .

Pp: 167-186 (20)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815179545123010011

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Synthetic dyes are organic compounds that are mostly employed in the manufacturing industry. A huge number of dyes are unbound and released into the environment during the dying process. The discharge of dye/effluent with a high biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) into the environment has several negative consequences for the area's flora and fauna. They are poisonous and mutagenic, and have other significant negative impacts on a variety of creatures, including unicellular and multicellular organisms. Besides the costly Physico-chemical treatment methods, biological approaches involving bacteria, fungi, algae, plants, and their enzymes have got a lot of attention in recent years for the decolorization and degradation of dyes contained in effluents due to their economic effectiveness and environmental friendliness. Microbial degradation appears to be the most promising of these technologies for resource recovery and sustainability. Microorganism and plant-derived enzymes' ability to decolorize and break down dyes has long been known, and they are shown to be the most effective molecular weapon for bioremediation. Several sophisticated approaches are currently being investigated for the effective decolorization of textile dyes as well as eco-toxic effluent, including genetic engineering, nanotechnology, mobilized cells or enzymes, biofilms, and microbial fuel cells, among others. These biological methods for decolorization and degradation of textile effluent are very successful and have various advantages over traditional procedures. Biological methods for removing toxic textile dyes are both environmentally friendly and cost-effective.

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      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309791667 and j.to_ip >=309791667 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739835017 and j.to_date >= 1739835017 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 21159) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309791667 and j.to_ip >=309791667 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739835017 and j.to_date >= 1739835017 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 21159) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309791667 and j.to_ip >=309791667 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739835017 and j.to_date >= 1739835017 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 21159)
      600μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3637 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739835017 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739835017 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.07msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3637
      • 3: 1739835017
      • 4: 1739835017
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='9cfd6f55ad34c6b9d0693a1a25cdf8a6'
      210μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        qCYQSCbyYARjUcPKMWSGFiUhEV1bga8F5EqFch5n
        uc_cart_id
        9cfd6f55ad34c6b9d0693a1a25cdf8a6
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/21159" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/21159
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
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        response_headers
        0 of 0
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        session_attributes
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        array:5 [ "_token" => "qCYQSCbyYARjUcPKMWSGFiUhEV1bga8F5EqFch5n" "uc_cart_id" => "9cfd6f55ad34c6b9d0693a1a25cdf8a6" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/21159" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-17 23:30:17GET/chapter/21159112192