Recent Advances in Biosensor Technology

Volume: 2

Biosensors for Neurodegenerative Diseases

Author(s): Gaurav Mishra*, Anand Maurya, Anurag Kumar Singh, Marjan Talebi, Rajendra Awasthi and Manmath Kumar Nandi

Pp: 72-84 (13)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815136418123020008

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Since the conception of biosensor technology in biomedical research, this field is emerging as a promising and high-throughput tool for neuro-engineering and neurosciences research. It has been postulated that the accumulating property proteins are the basic cause of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and prion diseases. Thus, neurodegenerative diseases are also called “protein misfolding disorders”. Biosensors have a wide range of applications in biomedical research, including optical and electrochemical detection of biometal-protein interactions, detection of biomarkers, such as β-amyloids, apolipoprotein, and tau proteins, and microRNA in blood and cerebrospinal fluid in neurodegenerative diseases. These are composed of primary biological recognition elements that convert the chemical signal into the voltage or current that evaluates the physical signal by preparing a plot of sensor response against the analyte concentration. This chapter presents a bird’s eye view on various aspects of progress in biosensor development with special emphasis on their application, including metal-protein interactions studies, detection of neurotransmitters using aptamers and calixarenes, detection of biomarkers proteins, such as α-synuclein for Parkinson’s disease, apolipoprotein, tau and β-amyloid proteins for Alzheimer’s disease, and prion proteins. The chapter also summarizes the novel materials reported for improved biosensor performance. This chapter will be of high relevance to the biological scientists working in neuro-engineering and neurosciences research

Related Journals
Related Books
© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy
Request history8.2.27PHP Version287msRequest Duration26MBMemory UsageGET chapter/{id}/{param?}Route
  • warninglog[09:49:48] LOG.warning: Optional parameter $id declared before required parameter $request is implic...
  • Booting (173ms)time
  • Application (114ms)time
  • 1 x Booting (60.18%)
    173ms
    1 x Application (39.81%)
    114ms
    12 templates were rendered
    • ebook.chapter_detailschapter_details.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts.chapter_header_sectionchapter_header_section.blade.php#?blade
    • ebook.chapter_top_bannerchapter_top_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • ebook.chapter_bottom_bannerchapter_bottom_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • ebook.ebook_right_bannerebook_right_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.inc_related_journalsinc_related_journals.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.inc_related_ebooksinc_related_ebooks.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts.appapp.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._login_access_login_access.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._header_header.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._main_menu_main_menu.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._footer_menu_footer_menu.blade.php#?blade
    uri
    GET chapter/{id}/{param?}
    middleware
    web, check_user_access
    controller
    App\Http\Controllers\ChapterController@GetChapterDetails
    namespace
    App\Http\Controllers
    where
    as
    chapter
    file
    app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1350-1704
    19 statements were executed29.47ms
    • Connection Establishedalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#24
      Backtrace
      • 9. middleware::check_user_access:24
      • 10. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 11. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • INSERT INTO visitor_ip_address (ip_address,visitor_agent,visitor_count, created_on,updated_on) VALUES ('316248467','',1,1739958588,1739958588) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE visitor_count=visitor_count + 1, updated_on=1739958588
      2.76msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#24
      Backtrace
      • 11. middleware::check_user_access:24
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • INSERT INTO visitor_ip_address_detail (ip_address,visitor_url,visitor_count, created_on,updated_on) VALUES ('316248467','/chapter/20269',1,1739958588,1739958588)
      200μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#27
      Backtrace
      • 11. middleware::check_user_access:27
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_trail WHERE to_ip >= 316248467 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316248467) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 316248467 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316248467) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_token WHERE to_ip >= 316248467 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316248467) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_trail WHERE to_ip >= 316248467 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316248467) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 316248467 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316248467) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_token WHERE to_ip >= 316248467 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316248467) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_trail WHERE to_ip >= 316248467 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316248467) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 316248467 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316248467) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_token WHERE to_ip >= 316248467 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316248467) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_trail WHERE to_ip >= 316248467 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316248467) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 316248467 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316248467) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_token WHERE to_ip >= 316248467 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316248467) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_trail WHERE to_ip >= 316248467 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316248467) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 316248467 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316248467) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_token WHERE to_ip >= 316248467 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316248467) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_disease_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 316248467 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316248467) limit 1
      12.31msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#784
      Bindings
      • 0: 316248467
      • 1: 316248467
      • 2: 316248467
      • 3: 316248467
      • 4: 316248467
      • 5: 316248467
      • 6: 316248467
      • 7: 316248467
      • 8: 316248467
      • 9: 316248467
      • 10: 316248467
      • 11: 316248467
      • 12: 316248467
      • 13: 316248467
      • 14: 316248467
      • 15: 316248467
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:784
      • 15. middleware::check_user_access:114
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
    • select * from `chapter` where `chapter_id` = '20269' limit 1
      480μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ChapterController.php#1406
      Bindings
      • 0: 20269
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1406
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select CONCAT_WS(' ',au.first_name, ' ', ifnull(au.initials,''), ' ', au.last_name) as authors, CONCAT(au.last_name, IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.initials), ''), ' ', au.first_name) AS authorsRIS, CONCAT_WS(' ',au.last_name, ' ', ifnull(au.initials,''), ' ', au.first_name) as authorsCiteAs, CONCAT_WS(' ',au.first_name, IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.initials), ''), IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.last_name), '')) as authorsmodal , `au`.*, `af`.`ror_id`, `af`.`institution`, `af`.`department`, `af`.`country`, `af`.`city`, `af`.`address`, (GROUP_CONCAT(TRIM(BOTH ', ' FROM CONCAT(ifnull(concat(af.institution,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.department,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.address,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.city,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.country,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.postal_code,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.phone,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.fax,','),''))) SEPARATOR '|')) as `author_affiliation`, (GROUP_CONCAT(TRIM(BOTH ', ' FROM CONCAT(ifnull(concat(af.web_view,','),''))) SEPARATOR '|')) as `web_view` from `author` as `au` left join `author_affiliation` as `af` on `au`.`author_id` = `af`.`author_id` where `au`.`chapter_id` = '20269' group by `au`.`author_id` order by `au`.`article_id` asc, `au`.`sequence` asc
      3.54msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Author.php#86
      Bindings
      • 0: 20269
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Author.php:86
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1411
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `keywords` where `chapter_id` = '20269'
      300μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ChapterController.php#1415
      Bindings
      • 0: 20269
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1415
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select * from `ebook` where `ebook_id` = 1127 limit 1
      330μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ChapterController.php#1430
      Bindings
      • 0: 1127
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1430
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `subject_ebook` as `se` inner join `ebook` as `e` on `e`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `ebook_volume` as `v` on `v`.`ebook_id` = `e`.`ebook_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=1127) and se.ebook_id!=1127 and v.ebook_status='1'
      1.86msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#238
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:238
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1434
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select distinct v.nid as volume_id,e.nid,e.title,v.issn,v.eissn,v.isbn,v.eisbn,e.ebook_id, v.image_file_name,v.file_path,v.flyer_link,v.ebook_volume_id, v.volume_name,v.doi,v.year_id,v.introduction from `subject_ebook` as `se` inner join `ebook` as `e` on `e`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `ebook_volume` as `v` on `v`.`ebook_id` = `e`.`ebook_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=1127) and se.ebook_id!=1127 and v.ebook_status='1' limit 10 offset 0
      1.07msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#238
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:238
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1434
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `subject_journal` as `sj` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `sj`.`journal_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=1127)
      480μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#255
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:255
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1435
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select distinct j.nid as journal_nid,j.title,j.subtitle,j.issn,j.eissn,j.keyword,sj.journal_id,j.image_file_name,j.flyer_link from `subject_journal` as `sj` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `sj`.`journal_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=1127) limit 10 offset 0
      570μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#255
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:255
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1435
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select `e`.*, `a`.*, `y`.`year`, `e`.`ebook_volume_id` as `ebook_volume_id`, `a`.`ebook_volume_id` as `ebk_vol_id`, `e`.`ebook_id` as `ebk_ebook_id` from `ebook_volume` as `e` left join `author` as `a` on `e`.`ebook_volume_id` = `a`.`ebook_volume_id` left join `year` as `y` on `y`.`id` = `e`.`year_id` where `e`.`ebook_volume_id` = 3575 and `e`.`is_uploaded` = 1
      720μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022EbookVolume.php#271
      Bindings
      • 0: 3575
      • 1: 1
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/EbookVolume.php:271
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1438
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) rcd from `ebook_volume` where `ebook_id` = 1127 and ebook_volume_id <> 3575 limit 1
      360μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022EbookVolume.php#999
      Bindings
      • 0: 1127
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/EbookVolume.php:999
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1462
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from ebook_access where content_type_id = '20269' and content_type = 'c' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      440μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from ebook_access where content_type_id = '3575' and content_type = 'v' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      400μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"ebook_volume" as access_level,"" as chapter_id from `user_access_ebook_volume_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316248467 and j.to_ip >=316248467 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739958588 and j.to_date >= 1739958588 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 3575) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"ebook_volume" as access_level,"" as chapter_id from `user_access_ebook_volume_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316248467 and j.to_ip >=316248467 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739958588 and j.to_date >= 1739958588 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 3575) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"ebook_volume" as access_level,"" as chapter_id from `user_access_ebook_volume_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316248467 and j.to_ip >=316248467 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739958588 and j.to_date >= 1739958588 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 3575)
      860μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316248467 and j.to_ip >=316248467 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739958588 and j.to_date >= 1739958588 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 20269) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316248467 and j.to_ip >=316248467 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739958588 and j.to_date >= 1739958588 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 20269) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316248467 and j.to_ip >=316248467 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739958588 and j.to_date >= 1739958588 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 20269)
      980μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3575 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739958588 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739958588 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.52msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3575
      • 3: 1739958588
      • 4: 1739958588
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='72399d108477ef45cb7ce09945255414'
      290μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        sMjUUF990Pi2D77makefX469ck5C6RloG9j0X999
        uc_cart_id
        72399d108477ef45cb7ce09945255414
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/20269" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/20269
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Ik5BakVHNW82VTR4K3dXd2xWdUlxTXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidlhxY0FuTGU5VDEyZkFPZWRLSzFkdmhQMWF3bVpvNktFZExubjZTRVBQcz0iLCJtYWMiOiJlNTJkY2U1MDU2NTA5NTZlNjQ2ODg3MjJjMzk2M2ZlZWY3OTBkNmJhZjkxZWM1M2RiZWQ0NmFkZmI0NmI1OWM3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Ik5BakVHNW82VTR4K3dXd2xWdUlxTXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidlhxY0FuTGU5VDEyZkFPZWRLSzFkdmhQMWF3bVpvNktFZExubjZTRVBQcz0iLCJtYWMiOiJlNTJkY2U1MDU2NTA5" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Wed, 19 Feb 2025 09:49:48 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkRnZmlkTDlaNUtHTXFBMmxjcFhzY1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRC9iaitkL2I5VjJKT2RhRUFvbUZoYUNFVzVpakhSdm5kcS9URlRpRkhaTzA4STVsakxHOXY4WkR4dDdaNjh5Ry95L2dmWHo5a2ZBWEtyUEpwallSS3gzUDh0ZCtJanl5cEcxQ0QwOWdOOXVKdHc4KzVyb0JVeHRKSHFIaGJabnoiLCJtYWMiOiI1Y2NiOTU4NTFhNDZiZTk2ZjIxYWMwZTk1ZWQ1MmRhYjE0OGMxYjI2MjdkNTE3OTI3N2Q5YzlmZmNmZjg2MjJmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 21 Feb 2025 21:49:48 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkRnZmlkTDlaNUtHTXFBMmxjcFhzY1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRC9iaitkL2I5VjJKT2RhRUFvbUZoYUNFVzVpakhSdm5kcS9URlRpRkhaTzA4STVsakxHOXY4WkR4dDdaNjh5Ry95L2dmW" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InV4YkhxZ0lQdDNSRHdNSWUzdkNKZ2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiS3pUUmhRYTFDYWNpVnpEaHdsUkRwT3BPZmNIeldyQXJKVXRRdFNMdXR6NC9qS2xkWHlhcTNCQ2xwU252SThub0E5MlRYY083Uy91NG4vZnhCNlNncWNRVVM1bHBDdFJnUjVWS1h0VnZuZVBZTDFDMzhnV0tIQVJkRnNISTNzWkgiLCJtYWMiOiJmNjFhNzQ2ZTQyZDc0OTI1MGQwNDk2NmE3YWZjNmJlMGU4NTY2ODVjNGU4MjBkYTc1NjRmNTkxM2Q2NDQzYmU4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InV4YkhxZ0lQdDNSRHdNSWUzdkNKZ2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiS3pUUmhRYTFDYWNpVnpEaHdsUkRwT3BPZmNIeldyQXJKVXRRdFNMdXR6NC9qS2xkWHlhcTNCQ2x" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkRnZmlkTDlaNUtHTXFBMmxjcFhzY1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRC9iaitkL2I5VjJKT2RhRUFvbUZoYUNFVzVpakhSdm5kcS9URlRpRkhaTzA4STVsakxHOXY4WkR4dDdaNjh5Ry95L2dmWHo5a2ZBWEtyUEpwallSS3gzUDh0ZCtJanl5cEcxQ0QwOWdOOXVKdHc4KzVyb0JVeHRKSHFIaGJabnoiLCJtYWMiOiI1Y2NiOTU4NTFhNDZiZTk2ZjIxYWMwZTk1ZWQ1MmRhYjE0OGMxYjI2MjdkNTE3OTI3N2Q5YzlmZmNmZjg2MjJmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 21-Feb-2025 21:49:48 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkRnZmlkTDlaNUtHTXFBMmxjcFhzY1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRC9iaitkL2I5VjJKT2RhRUFvbUZoYUNFVzVpakhSdm5kcS9URlRpRkhaTzA4STVsakxHOXY4WkR4dDdaNjh5Ry95L2dmW" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InV4YkhxZ0lQdDNSRHdNSWUzdkNKZ2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiS3pUUmhRYTFDYWNpVnpEaHdsUkRwT3BPZmNIeldyQXJKVXRRdFNMdXR6NC9qS2xkWHlhcTNCQ2xwU252SThub0E5MlRYY083Uy91NG4vZnhCNlNncWNRVVM1bHBDdFJnUjVWS1h0VnZuZVBZTDFDMzhnV0tIQVJkRnNISTNzWkgiLCJtYWMiOiJmNjFhNzQ2ZTQyZDc0OTI1MGQwNDk2NmE3YWZjNmJlMGU4NTY2ODVjNGU4MjBkYTc1NjRmNTkxM2Q2NDQzYmU4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InV4YkhxZ0lQdDNSRHdNSWUzdkNKZ2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiS3pUUmhRYTFDYWNpVnpEaHdsUkRwT3BPZmNIeldyQXJKVXRRdFNMdXR6NC9qS2xkWHlhcTNCQ2x" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "sMjUUF990Pi2D77makefX469ck5C6RloG9j0X999" "uc_cart_id" => "72399d108477ef45cb7ce09945255414" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/20269" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-19 09:49:48GET/chapter/20269112192