Abstract
Gene is considered discrete coding units that contain the information for
individual proteins. These lot of genes were combined and named DNA which is
tightly coiled many times over the histone protein to form Chromosomes. Humans have
got 23pairs of chromosomes, including the sex chromosome. The current study is about
the major genes and their functions that are present in chromosome 19. There are
approximately 1500 genes present in this chromosome, and changes in chromosome 19
are identified in many cancers. Dislocation of the chromosome, a mutation in genes
that are present in a chromosome (rearrangements, deletions, or duplications) of DNA
in the chromosome, epigenetic modification, and lifestyle changes are some of the
chromosomal abnormalities that are responsible for cancer-causing. These changes will
trigger the growth of normal cells and induce cancer cell proliferation, migration,
invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. The signaling pathways like PI3K/AKT,
JAK/STAT, NF-κB, and TGF-β are responsible for the various cellular functions with
the result of autocrine, juxtacrine, intracrine, paracrine, or endocrine. When the
dysregulation of these signaling pathways leads to cancer progression and metastasis.
Prostate cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, gastric
cancer, lung cancer, leukemia, and cervical cancer are the major cancers that are caused
because of mutation that occurs in chromosome 19.