Forensic Odontology: A Handbook for Human Identification

Bite Marks: A Pragmatic Approach in Identification

Author(s): Jayant Kumar Gahlot* and Hemant Sawhney

Pp: 187-206 (20)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815124392123010011

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Teeth can be used as a weapon when an individual tries to harm another, or can be used by the victim attempting to protect themselves from an attacker. Bite marks are a clinical representation of intraoral structures (tooth and other soft tissues) on any object by an animal or human. Bite mark assessment can play a critical role in the identification of persons in forensic-related cases. Bite marks are usually found in various crime scenes, such as sexual assault, rape, murder, cases of child abuse and during sports activities. This chapter reviews the basics of the bite mark pattern, characteristics, and significance of bite marks in forensic science to solve crimes.

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      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1435
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314482634 and j.to_ip >=314482634 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740423403 and j.to_date >= 1740423403 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 19800) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314482634 and j.to_ip >=314482634 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740423403 and j.to_date >= 1740423403 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 19800) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314482634 and j.to_ip >=314482634 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740423403 and j.to_date >= 1740423403 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 19800)
      850μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3543 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740423403 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740423403 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.13msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3543
      • 3: 1740423403
      • 4: 1740423403
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='3d228a4fa8fe946ef05ccb9da07d9c52'
      230μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        DNDBUT4GFks4lMlnIW7k9Pw8SuMDo5XWRN0kYLSG
        uc_cart_id
        3d228a4fa8fe946ef05ccb9da07d9c52
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/19800" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/19800
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InhJWkgzUm5BZlA4QUtIQmVZbEswZHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiS2hqL0ZHSGVKTjg0ZzJ3cG1jaVhDRXk1VjNtZUVPWmllMGdhVFFibXFyST0iLCJtYWMiOiI5N2U2ZjNmYTUwMDBiMzc5NDhkZjMxOWIyYmE2MDI4MDFmMDlhMzY5ZDZkNjkzYjRkYmIzOWRmNGZhNGYwNjRiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InhJWkgzUm5BZlA4QUtIQmVZbEswZHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiS2hqL0ZHSGVKTjg0ZzJ3cG1jaVhDRXk1VjNtZUVPWmllMGdhVFFibXFyST0iLCJtYWMiOiI5N2U2ZjNmYTUwMDBi" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mon, 24 Feb 2025 18:56:43 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlQxMFh2RUpPalZLc01xMmdXdWg3b1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUEQ2aENBWVJPaThmc1c1dUd6QkZYZ1JMbWlZOTlRdzhUZk5CWXFQSU9BYjVWZnFqNlc0Wituc0hlMzR5Q21ZYjB0RTVvQVA3OGN6V050RlI5SkRRbWVIdnRnVGNtc2JEZnhEWmt5VzNycVArdHJyRitjSE5wa3JnaGF5ZTFZcmIiLCJtYWMiOiI2ZDdlNzYxYmIzNmU4ODMxZmMxY2NjN2Q4NWY3ZGUzM2ZiNDgxZjhkMjY4YmEwZjBhZjQ5MGY0MTQzMjQyYzY0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27 Feb 2025 06:56:43 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlQxMFh2RUpPalZLc01xMmdXdWg3b1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUEQ2aENBWVJPaThmc1c1dUd6QkZYZ1JMbWlZOTlRdzhUZk5CWXFQSU9BYjVWZnFqNlc0Wituc0hlMzR5Q21ZYjB0RTVvQ" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkQvbVNDWU85MUdiUnd2dStVQ0czd0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYStXMmZiZk9OcWg1R2hhUVBVVTZnNmttRnNlNjZxK1dQdHptWmloTUpITVJXd3pTWXNiUWJlNUFKMWRRMDlYNFQrc1NIOGJGTm93QkU1WEs0c0laV2VIZU9sb2x0YTFJZTZrSGQ1RWRwUXgyLzRWNnRRYURtd29YOG91cVpUNjgiLCJtYWMiOiI2ZGRiZTU2Zjg3YTE5ZjEzMThjOGI5MTllNmVmMThlZDQ3MDA2Mjg5ZjY4Y2FiMjQxYzZmMzM5ZGY2YzhjMDhkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkQvbVNDWU85MUdiUnd2dStVQ0czd0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYStXMmZiZk9OcWg1R2hhUVBVVTZnNmttRnNlNjZxK1dQdHptWmloTUpITVJXd3pTWXNiUWJlNUF" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlQxMFh2RUpPalZLc01xMmdXdWg3b1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUEQ2aENBWVJPaThmc1c1dUd6QkZYZ1JMbWlZOTlRdzhUZk5CWXFQSU9BYjVWZnFqNlc0Wituc0hlMzR5Q21ZYjB0RTVvQVA3OGN6V050RlI5SkRRbWVIdnRnVGNtc2JEZnhEWmt5VzNycVArdHJyRitjSE5wa3JnaGF5ZTFZcmIiLCJtYWMiOiI2ZDdlNzYxYmIzNmU4ODMxZmMxY2NjN2Q4NWY3ZGUzM2ZiNDgxZjhkMjY4YmEwZjBhZjQ5MGY0MTQzMjQyYzY0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27-Feb-2025 06:56:43 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlQxMFh2RUpPalZLc01xMmdXdWg3b1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUEQ2aENBWVJPaThmc1c1dUd6QkZYZ1JMbWlZOTlRdzhUZk5CWXFQSU9BYjVWZnFqNlc0Wituc0hlMzR5Q21ZYjB0RTVvQ" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkQvbVNDWU85MUdiUnd2dStVQ0czd0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYStXMmZiZk9OcWg1R2hhUVBVVTZnNmttRnNlNjZxK1dQdHptWmloTUpITVJXd3pTWXNiUWJlNUFKMWRRMDlYNFQrc1NIOGJGTm93QkU1WEs0c0laV2VIZU9sb2x0YTFJZTZrSGQ1RWRwUXgyLzRWNnRRYURtd29YOG91cVpUNjgiLCJtYWMiOiI2ZGRiZTU2Zjg3YTE5ZjEzMThjOGI5MTllNmVmMThlZDQ3MDA2Mjg5ZjY4Y2FiMjQxYzZmMzM5ZGY2YzhjMDhkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkQvbVNDWU85MUdiUnd2dStVQ0czd0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYStXMmZiZk9OcWg1R2hhUVBVVTZnNmttRnNlNjZxK1dQdHptWmloTUpITVJXd3pTWXNiUWJlNUF" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "DNDBUT4GFks4lMlnIW7k9Pw8SuMDo5XWRN0kYLSG" "uc_cart_id" => "3d228a4fa8fe946ef05ccb9da07d9c52" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/19800" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-24 18:56:43GET/chapter/19800112192