Fractal Antenna Design using Bio-inspired Computing Algorithms

Development of Hybrid Bio-inspired Computing Algorithms for Design of Fractal Antennas

Author(s): Balwinder S. Dhaliwal*, Suman Pattnaik* and Shyam Sundar Pattnaik * .

Pp: 106-133 (28)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815136357123010008

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

One of the novel contributions of this book is the development of hybrid bio-inspired computing algorithms for the design of fractal antennas. This work is presented in this chapter. The hybrid algorithms are developed to design the proposed fractal antennas for desired frequencies. The performance comparison of bio-inspired computing algorithms for the design of a multiband Sierpinski Gasket fractal antenna is also explained. The development of various hybrid algorithms like the GA-ANN hybrid Algorithm, BFO-ANN ensemble hybrid Algorithm, and PSO-ANN Ensemble hybrid Algorithm is explained. The use of ANN models as objective functions of optimization algorithms is discussed in this chapter. This chapter also deals with the experimental testing and validation of the developed fractal antennas. The photographs of the fabricated antennas and the experimental results are included. The comparison of the simulated results and experimental results is discussed. The suitability of the designed antennas for different applications is also highlighted in this chapter. 

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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316513831 and j.to_ip >=316513831 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848345 and j.to_date >= 1739848345 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 19531) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316513831 and j.to_ip >=316513831 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848345 and j.to_date >= 1739848345 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 19531) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316513831 and j.to_ip >=316513831 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848345 and j.to_date >= 1739848345 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 19531)
      580μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3524 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739848345 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739848345 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.04msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3524
      • 3: 1739848345
      • 4: 1739848345
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='819d7f4822c415b892c7ed07a1a65e40'
      180μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        mD0fHgpA38is5H9RFhboILetjHuvtobxLZ4B4j09
        uc_cart_id
        819d7f4822c415b892c7ed07a1a65e40
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/19531" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/19531
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6ImV6cjhGMmlydWtITjNxa3M3dEhVR2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiV1VwVEVwNjkwL29uYWpDNlFtdUh2bWV0R0lrREJiUzkvU3ZGUGpoVTNPcz0iLCJtYWMiOiJhNzI5N2U1NmEyZWJkZWZlOWQwYzc3MjU5NGZlYTkzYmIxNDc5Mzc2MWNjNjIzYzk5M2RjNjZjNzI0NmIwYTU3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6ImV6cjhGMmlydWtITjNxa3M3dEhVR2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiV1VwVEVwNjkwL29uYWpDNlFtdUh2bWV0R0lrREJiUzkvU3ZGUGpoVTNPcz0iLCJtYWMiOiJhNzI5N2U1NmEyZWJk" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 18 Feb 2025 03:12:25 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImRBYzJlSVE0VnZjSnBMWlovb3lJQkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoic1R4eURzRVhaaEtqRno4dS81UXg0Z3dUcitEQjliNFJwaXVTS1dGY3ZpbVcvSkJ3bDN2SzN0cWF2U2hRU2liTXcvUEFlY21qaGR1OU5ZRnB6R1NNMllzKzBtRSszY2UyclM5ZGJPOURVdzVLaHd0TFRCQlRrcGJ5WG9LVTJQcVMiLCJtYWMiOiIzYjgxM2ViZWM4YWYwZmI2ZmIzMWVmNzNmNjZiOTY5MmIxMWYyYjBlMmFiMjA0ZGRmZmNkZjZlMTkxNjM3MTA2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 15:12:25 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImRBYzJlSVE0VnZjSnBMWlovb3lJQkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoic1R4eURzRVhaaEtqRno4dS81UXg0Z3dUcitEQjliNFJwaXVTS1dGY3ZpbVcvSkJ3bDN2SzN0cWF2U2hRU2liTXcvUEFlY" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkNFdGJhcTZ5SzRTM0M4cWNWYStCcFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieDJZanhHaHQwcjM2NHlJam9tSTlOamxrUEFWNlVMVlBPOHE1ZmJwdUJ6cU1rTTZXQml4akdlMGxWVmN6TVZMK0J1ckhYR3RKYTlpd0dqWDEvenBwcEhMWE11c3JvOGNlWU1YWUgwdWpUeGVQTmRZdUVIMXBvZkk4Wm1jYTAwOXUiLCJtYWMiOiJkMjZkODQ5N2EzMjg3MDdlZDcxYWI0NTdiNGYzZWQ4YTNjYzA0YmEzMzdjYzRjMzQ3ODJmNzM4ZjFkNzU5NTVmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkNFdGJhcTZ5SzRTM0M4cWNWYStCcFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieDJZanhHaHQwcjM2NHlJam9tSTlOamxrUEFWNlVMVlBPOHE1ZmJwdUJ6cU1rTTZXQml4akdlMGx" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImRBYzJlSVE0VnZjSnBMWlovb3lJQkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoic1R4eURzRVhaaEtqRno4dS81UXg0Z3dUcitEQjliNFJwaXVTS1dGY3ZpbVcvSkJ3bDN2SzN0cWF2U2hRU2liTXcvUEFlY21qaGR1OU5ZRnB6R1NNMllzKzBtRSszY2UyclM5ZGJPOURVdzVLaHd0TFRCQlRrcGJ5WG9LVTJQcVMiLCJtYWMiOiIzYjgxM2ViZWM4YWYwZmI2ZmIzMWVmNzNmNjZiOTY5MmIxMWYyYjBlMmFiMjA0ZGRmZmNkZjZlMTkxNjM3MTA2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 15:12:25 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImRBYzJlSVE0VnZjSnBMWlovb3lJQkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoic1R4eURzRVhaaEtqRno4dS81UXg0Z3dUcitEQjliNFJwaXVTS1dGY3ZpbVcvSkJ3bDN2SzN0cWF2U2hRU2liTXcvUEFlY" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkNFdGJhcTZ5SzRTM0M4cWNWYStCcFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieDJZanhHaHQwcjM2NHlJam9tSTlOamxrUEFWNlVMVlBPOHE1ZmJwdUJ6cU1rTTZXQml4akdlMGxWVmN6TVZMK0J1ckhYR3RKYTlpd0dqWDEvenBwcEhMWE11c3JvOGNlWU1YWUgwdWpUeGVQTmRZdUVIMXBvZkk4Wm1jYTAwOXUiLCJtYWMiOiJkMjZkODQ5N2EzMjg3MDdlZDcxYWI0NTdiNGYzZWQ4YTNjYzA0YmEzMzdjYzRjMzQ3ODJmNzM4ZjFkNzU5NTVmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkNFdGJhcTZ5SzRTM0M4cWNWYStCcFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieDJZanhHaHQwcjM2NHlJam9tSTlOamxrUEFWNlVMVlBPOHE1ZmJwdUJ6cU1rTTZXQml4akdlMGx" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "mD0fHgpA38is5H9RFhboILetjHuvtobxLZ4B4j09" "uc_cart_id" => "819d7f4822c415b892c7ed07a1a65e40" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/19531" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 03:12:25GET/chapter/19531112192