Fundamentals of Nuclear Physics

Nuclear Structure and Properties of Nuclei

Author(s): Ritesh Kohale*, Sanjay J. Dhoble* and Vibha Chopra * .

Pp: 41-70 (30)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815049909123010005

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

An atom's nucleus comprises neutrons and protons, which in turn are the appearance of more fundamental particles, called quarks, that are seized in a relationship by the strong nuclear force in certain stable arrangements of hadrons, called baryons. The strong nuclear force encompasses far enough from each baryon to drag the neutrons and protons together beside the repulsive electrical force between the positively charged protons. The present chapter deals with investigating and correlating key features of the nuclear structure and its properties as understanding the structure of the atomic nucleus is one of the central challenges in nuclear physics. The line of understanding in this chapter is subjected to the structure of nuclei, atomic models, Rutherford model of the atom, nuclear composition, nuclear properties, determination of mass and determination of the charge.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316316526 and j.to_ip >=316316526 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739988433 and j.to_date >= 1739988433 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 19514) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316316526 and j.to_ip >=316316526 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739988433 and j.to_date >= 1739988433 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 19514) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316316526 and j.to_ip >=316316526 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739988433 and j.to_date >= 1739988433 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 19514)
      700μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3523 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739988433 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739988433 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.09msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3523
      • 3: 1739988433
      • 4: 1739988433
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='0353602ebc046f91d79d4be1f8d00e42'
      240μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        Jo2MaQcz9A0oFNisTcYIu3FIqdkP4YsYed84nEiA
        uc_cart_id
        0353602ebc046f91d79d4be1f8d00e42
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/19514" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/19514
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IjZoQ0lGMStxT1lSODhBbDJFTGk3MlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibk4zaEhUMVBYUmZ1ajZwbVZ1aW5ZZ3dUK0w3aDdCOGlLY3psRE5EcmtYdz0iLCJtYWMiOiI2Mjg1ODk1MWQ1MTk0YzgzNjhmY2I4YTc5ZGFkZDg4NDU2NmRlN2JmNjAzZjc3ZGVkNTJhYjA1ZjcyZWJhMmNiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IjZoQ0lGMStxT1lSODhBbDJFTGk3MlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibk4zaEhUMVBYUmZ1ajZwbVZ1aW5ZZ3dUK0w3aDdCOGlLY3psRE5EcmtYdz0iLCJtYWMiOiI2Mjg1ODk1MWQ1MTk0" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Wed, 19 Feb 2025 18:07:13 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjVodlg5eVcyWFNiaGNoRzduV1JwSGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYi9GLzN2Q0RNdWdGVjBaM0FJUnkyUHBtVDJJOVY5V0FIemdBMDJ0ZUVCeGFYRG5KUEYxd1FWNkhMUVM1ZzhscnVrTXU0KzFoeGU0TDZ3SnFjaUhzcnI1aytZZnVNSnAyR1N2QitLdCtGaVhDMHpTdjV5RlkyRk1CajFFM01ZMkgiLCJtYWMiOiJmYTRjZTQwZGY5Y2M4NTQwYTg4OTM0NzkwMThmMWY4OGQxZGNlMDc4ODQ5NDkyYTMwYjg0ZGM1YTcwODcwNDBlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sat, 22 Feb 2025 06:07:13 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjVodlg5eVcyWFNiaGNoRzduV1JwSGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYi9GLzN2Q0RNdWdGVjBaM0FJUnkyUHBtVDJJOVY5V0FIemdBMDJ0ZUVCeGFYRG5KUEYxd1FWNkhMUVM1ZzhscnVrTXU0K" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ikl1aU1jZTJXWmVsaUZZYmUwQWdzK2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVm1lY3k0TWh5M2hIZzNKM3hBSHNJNVRCeDUxTkxmQ04zQzJBbHNpeHpCcGcwelluQWpvcmIwam0zeW9zVkUrRlpIWkl0SlZUbVN6SDN0MmFaVFhnUDhGMGwwRWl4LzI0aXcyMWN4TUJCa2IycUhkT0R4c3oybGlOMEpnaFBHMHMiLCJtYWMiOiIyZDBkYjNmMzRlZTdjZTk4NmEyOTM2MzA4YmQ5MTM0ZTQ0NTQ3N2UxNjA0ZmMxZDRhMjE2NjQzNTI2OTlmY2ZjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ikl1aU1jZTJXWmVsaUZZYmUwQWdzK2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVm1lY3k0TWh5M2hIZzNKM3hBSHNJNVRCeDUxTkxmQ04zQzJBbHNpeHpCcGcwelluQWpvcmIwam0" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjVodlg5eVcyWFNiaGNoRzduV1JwSGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYi9GLzN2Q0RNdWdGVjBaM0FJUnkyUHBtVDJJOVY5V0FIemdBMDJ0ZUVCeGFYRG5KUEYxd1FWNkhMUVM1ZzhscnVrTXU0KzFoeGU0TDZ3SnFjaUhzcnI1aytZZnVNSnAyR1N2QitLdCtGaVhDMHpTdjV5RlkyRk1CajFFM01ZMkgiLCJtYWMiOiJmYTRjZTQwZGY5Y2M4NTQwYTg4OTM0NzkwMThmMWY4OGQxZGNlMDc4ODQ5NDkyYTMwYjg0ZGM1YTcwODcwNDBlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sat, 22-Feb-2025 06:07:13 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjVodlg5eVcyWFNiaGNoRzduV1JwSGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYi9GLzN2Q0RNdWdGVjBaM0FJUnkyUHBtVDJJOVY5V0FIemdBMDJ0ZUVCeGFYRG5KUEYxd1FWNkhMUVM1ZzhscnVrTXU0K" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ikl1aU1jZTJXWmVsaUZZYmUwQWdzK2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVm1lY3k0TWh5M2hIZzNKM3hBSHNJNVRCeDUxTkxmQ04zQzJBbHNpeHpCcGcwelluQWpvcmIwam0zeW9zVkUrRlpIWkl0SlZUbVN6SDN0MmFaVFhnUDhGMGwwRWl4LzI0aXcyMWN4TUJCa2IycUhkT0R4c3oybGlOMEpnaFBHMHMiLCJtYWMiOiIyZDBkYjNmMzRlZTdjZTk4NmEyOTM2MzA4YmQ5MTM0ZTQ0NTQ3N2UxNjA0ZmMxZDRhMjE2NjQzNTI2OTlmY2ZjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ikl1aU1jZTJXWmVsaUZZYmUwQWdzK2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVm1lY3k0TWh5M2hIZzNKM3hBSHNJNVRCeDUxTkxmQ04zQzJBbHNpeHpCcGcwelluQWpvcmIwam0" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "Jo2MaQcz9A0oFNisTcYIu3FIqdkP4YsYed84nEiA" "uc_cart_id" => "0353602ebc046f91d79d4be1f8d00e42" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/19514" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-19 18:07:13GET/chapter/19514112192