Graphene-based Carbocatalysts: Synthesis, Properties and Applications (Volume 2)

Graphene-based Smart Energy Materials for Fuel and Solar Cell Applications

Author(s): Urvi M. Lad, Saurabh S. Soni and Chetan K. Modi * .

Pp: 136-167 (32)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815136050123020008

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Energy is an incising subject matter and has had both positive and negative impacts on our society. Admittance to profuse, inexpensive, unharmed, hygienic energy is advantageous for human beings. However, the process of changing one form of energy into another, hauling and plentiful use can have negative impacts on health, the environment, and cost-cutting measures of our society. These days and at this age, the production of energy and stockpiles is one of the two main burning issues. Regrettably, conventional energy producers are not competent enough to respond to ecological transformations, whereas accustomed energy storage devices are deficient in special functionalities apart from supplying electricity. Graphene, composed of a single-layered graphite with a two-dimensional sp2-hybridized carbon network, has recently gained tremendous research interest due to its peculiar physical and chemical properties. Gratifying from unrivalled physicochemical properties, graphene-based materials facilitate dealing with the aforesaid smoldering issues and, in recent times, have been widely studied in various energy conversion and storage applications such as supercapacitors, fuel cells, batteries, and photovoltaic devices or solar cells. In this book chapter, we summarise the recent progress reported in the synthesis and fabrication of graphene-based smart energy materials with their applications in various energy storage systems. In addition to this, the panorama and future challenges in both scalable manufacturing and more energy storage-related applications are covered in this chapter as well.

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      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316548017 and j.to_ip >=316548017 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847389 and j.to_date >= 1739847389 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 19402) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316548017 and j.to_ip >=316548017 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847389 and j.to_date >= 1739847389 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 19402) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316548017 and j.to_ip >=316548017 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847389 and j.to_date >= 1739847389 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 19402)
      610μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3515 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739847390 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739847390 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.04msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3515
      • 3: 1739847390
      • 4: 1739847390
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='581d103880ccd691fbbe84cf3fb8b170'
      180μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        dR6Ea53yi81HGsZ58gxkB6kP2LZtUgwYn2r2U4wy
        uc_cart_id
        581d103880ccd691fbbe84cf3fb8b170
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/19402" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/19402
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IlU5dy9aMWJCUFhCSHl1OEsvRE1XZ2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiV0VwUFpUazd1SWd1WWRJTnk3cFlJS1pEeGdCVDNQOXZHMnpFR1Q5Z1ZVOD0iLCJtYWMiOiI0ZGI0NmVkNjE1ZDczZWRmOWY5MDhhNTE3ZGJiZmMzNDlkZjAzZGQ5Y2I1Njc3MGZkOWQ2YWE1Mzc0YjRjNWFhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IlU5dy9aMWJCUFhCSHl1OEsvRE1XZ2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiV0VwUFpUazd1SWd1WWRJTnk3cFlJS1pEeGdCVDNQOXZHMnpFR1Q5Z1ZVOD0iLCJtYWMiOiI0ZGI0NmVkNjE1ZDcz" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 18 Feb 2025 02:56:30 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImRBYjg1Zno4c1o4QmVKN1grbVNlU1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTmc0RVlzdTVZVjRlWk4ySkRnUXdwenY5OFZTS0ZUTFRUOHVWTDYzQzVOcldONm90Mk1jZW9zd20wYzM3REdvR2h6NS8yV1RoSXFtSFpzTFZRWU1ocHRLc1VZSktmOGZyN29EalNkS3MrUlZOb21tM0hWK3lCNVRLWE5zNHRuc3ciLCJtYWMiOiJmOTI5ZDFjNjEzMjJmM2JlMGRlNjQwNmQ4OGE1ZTIxNmY5MWZjMzgwZjMwNTEwNGUyODI5ZjM5MjMxOGU0ZmExIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 14:56:30 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImRBYjg1Zno4c1o4QmVKN1grbVNlU1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTmc0RVlzdTVZVjRlWk4ySkRnUXdwenY5OFZTS0ZUTFRUOHVWTDYzQzVOcldONm90Mk1jZW9zd20wYzM3REdvR2h6NS8yV" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InRKTFhaMlBtcWF0dEx5SllRdXVUbEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTmpvN3JNK0tBSFora2kvc2ZQWEJHL0JOd0VLQ1RxbVhTVnVaUk1FRzQ5d2hRVXRwak82WllqUkRnR1FRRlZSazlTZVA2VlEwS1JBSEVGcjZacmRwaStXTGoyRlNmMUZHaFpsWk42dHdSL2tGc242TTNrOEpkUFRKVDAzYkhFYU8iLCJtYWMiOiI1NDFjYTY5OTE5ZmNhNWE3ZjA5NDRkYzg3MDQ2Mjc3MjIxMjQyNzQ3YWZjMTFlN2JmNGUxZGI0ZGM4ZjJjZDgwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InRKTFhaMlBtcWF0dEx5SllRdXVUbEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTmpvN3JNK0tBSFora2kvc2ZQWEJHL0JOd0VLQ1RxbVhTVnVaUk1FRzQ5d2hRVXRwak82WllqUkR" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImRBYjg1Zno4c1o4QmVKN1grbVNlU1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTmc0RVlzdTVZVjRlWk4ySkRnUXdwenY5OFZTS0ZUTFRUOHVWTDYzQzVOcldONm90Mk1jZW9zd20wYzM3REdvR2h6NS8yV1RoSXFtSFpzTFZRWU1ocHRLc1VZSktmOGZyN29EalNkS3MrUlZOb21tM0hWK3lCNVRLWE5zNHRuc3ciLCJtYWMiOiJmOTI5ZDFjNjEzMjJmM2JlMGRlNjQwNmQ4OGE1ZTIxNmY5MWZjMzgwZjMwNTEwNGUyODI5ZjM5MjMxOGU0ZmExIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 14:56:30 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImRBYjg1Zno4c1o4QmVKN1grbVNlU1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTmc0RVlzdTVZVjRlWk4ySkRnUXdwenY5OFZTS0ZUTFRUOHVWTDYzQzVOcldONm90Mk1jZW9zd20wYzM3REdvR2h6NS8yV" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InRKTFhaMlBtcWF0dEx5SllRdXVUbEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTmpvN3JNK0tBSFora2kvc2ZQWEJHL0JOd0VLQ1RxbVhTVnVaUk1FRzQ5d2hRVXRwak82WllqUkRnR1FRRlZSazlTZVA2VlEwS1JBSEVGcjZacmRwaStXTGoyRlNmMUZHaFpsWk42dHdSL2tGc242TTNrOEpkUFRKVDAzYkhFYU8iLCJtYWMiOiI1NDFjYTY5OTE5ZmNhNWE3ZjA5NDRkYzg3MDQ2Mjc3MjIxMjQyNzQ3YWZjMTFlN2JmNGUxZGI0ZGM4ZjJjZDgwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InRKTFhaMlBtcWF0dEx5SllRdXVUbEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTmpvN3JNK0tBSFora2kvc2ZQWEJHL0JOd0VLQ1RxbVhTVnVaUk1FRzQ5d2hRVXRwak82WllqUkR" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "dR6Ea53yi81HGsZ58gxkB6kP2LZtUgwYn2r2U4wy" "uc_cart_id" => "581d103880ccd691fbbe84cf3fb8b170" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/19402" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 02:56:30GET/chapter/19402112192