Graphene-based Carbocatalysts: Synthesis, Properties and Applications (Volume 2)

Electrocatalysis by Graphene Materials

Author(s): Kevin V. Alex, J. Gokulakrishnan, K. Kamakshi, J.P.B. Silva, S. Sathish and K.C. Sekhar * .

Pp: 50-80 (31)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815136050123020006

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Recently, graphene-based materials have attracted significant attention from scientific and industrial communities due to their potential applications in various electrochemical energy conversion technologies. Since pure graphene is electrochemically inert despite its outstanding versatile properties, different strategies are employed to modify the graphene to enhance its electrochemical activity. In this chapter, first, we discuss the basics of electrocatalysis and then the recent advances in electrocatalysis by graphene-based materials. Electrocatalytic activities of non-metal doped graphene, graphene-based 2D heterostructures, and graphene-plasmonic nanostructures have drawn particular attention. The challenges and future prospects of graphene-based electrocatalysts are also highlighted.

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      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309684047 and j.to_ip >=309684047 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847148 and j.to_date >= 1739847148 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 19400) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309684047 and j.to_ip >=309684047 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847148 and j.to_date >= 1739847148 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 19400) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309684047 and j.to_ip >=309684047 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847148 and j.to_date >= 1739847148 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 19400)
      680μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3515 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739847148 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739847148 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.07msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3515
      • 3: 1739847148
      • 4: 1739847148
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='b10a361832ba3764f18539329ef67499'
      230μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        4O2NuRgWeUil4dUolYXjDmWXyiwJlJD0kxMMBfnL
        uc_cart_id
        b10a361832ba3764f18539329ef67499
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/19400" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/19400
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IlRkNHdvazkrd2I5SGhvVDBZK21OdkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRTdqZ3VyTFNCUi9jS3BJdUF3bHNjY0UzQjJkMlJDdm8vTnpvSmNyWER2MD0iLCJtYWMiOiJhNTJkZjljZWU3MTNiMThiYTUwYjg0ZTNhMWZkZjUyNjc0OGU2MDBlYmI3YjVmZjRlNWM3YjIzNDYxYjcyYzI0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IlRkNHdvazkrd2I5SGhvVDBZK21OdkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRTdqZ3VyTFNCUi9jS3BJdUF3bHNjY0UzQjJkMlJDdm8vTnpvSmNyWER2MD0iLCJtYWMiOiJhNTJkZjljZWU3MTNi" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 18 Feb 2025 02:52:28 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImhrUmwzTEtzcWcySG0vVnA2NFBzdnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTmdwU1lzWnBrTHFveXdCK2twWU5qTG5YTVpZQWtUSzBzOE5ZcHNSNjJtelZwWmh3NEJGb1hLZjhQWE8zdnBFb1pCOWNGdFlXKzhwWDh3cGIycUJLMHZJK3JROFZjQmlSWnVGOEV0V1pGMzhYcEtlZjJ6RnltS1dMZ3R0Uk9ta1giLCJtYWMiOiI5NzAxNTA4MGQwOTM3YTRlOWQxZjJlNmJjZjRmM2MyOGZhMjIzOGU0ZGY5NjAwOTcyNWUxMGIyNDAxYzc0YmVkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 14:52:28 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImhrUmwzTEtzcWcySG0vVnA2NFBzdnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTmdwU1lzWnBrTHFveXdCK2twWU5qTG5YTVpZQWtUSzBzOE5ZcHNSNjJtelZwWmh3NEJGb1hLZjhQWE8zdnBFb1pCOWNGd" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Im5KMFdEQ2VnNWx1L3Fna0hEVk92d1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVTVCZ0dycDV6UHNFMmRxUkxtemNTUWVaMnAzeU5vcWxUNEg2VGptdFE3NjVNVEQrenAzM2FIR0lFTHY3c3FEQVVKMzJPcXpRd1lrN2xhM29VSS96ZlN0am1FcHZYUklBdzl6cS9pM2dRV0hHYkV6R1J1RUFQVEh0Wmx2NXMwMC8iLCJtYWMiOiI5NGIwMDlmNTQwMmRlNGU3ZWVhNTU3ZDQzYTI5MzA0OWY4YzU3MTc0ODIyODM3ZDgwNGUxZWNkNTdhMmNjMjQ3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Im5KMFdEQ2VnNWx1L3Fna0hEVk92d1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVTVCZ0dycDV6UHNFMmRxUkxtemNTUWVaMnAzeU5vcWxUNEg2VGptdFE3NjVNVEQrenAzM2FIR0l" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImhrUmwzTEtzcWcySG0vVnA2NFBzdnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTmdwU1lzWnBrTHFveXdCK2twWU5qTG5YTVpZQWtUSzBzOE5ZcHNSNjJtelZwWmh3NEJGb1hLZjhQWE8zdnBFb1pCOWNGdFlXKzhwWDh3cGIycUJLMHZJK3JROFZjQmlSWnVGOEV0V1pGMzhYcEtlZjJ6RnltS1dMZ3R0Uk9ta1giLCJtYWMiOiI5NzAxNTA4MGQwOTM3YTRlOWQxZjJlNmJjZjRmM2MyOGZhMjIzOGU0ZGY5NjAwOTcyNWUxMGIyNDAxYzc0YmVkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 14:52:28 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImhrUmwzTEtzcWcySG0vVnA2NFBzdnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTmdwU1lzWnBrTHFveXdCK2twWU5qTG5YTVpZQWtUSzBzOE5ZcHNSNjJtelZwWmh3NEJGb1hLZjhQWE8zdnBFb1pCOWNGd" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Im5KMFdEQ2VnNWx1L3Fna0hEVk92d1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVTVCZ0dycDV6UHNFMmRxUkxtemNTUWVaMnAzeU5vcWxUNEg2VGptdFE3NjVNVEQrenAzM2FIR0lFTHY3c3FEQVVKMzJPcXpRd1lrN2xhM29VSS96ZlN0am1FcHZYUklBdzl6cS9pM2dRV0hHYkV6R1J1RUFQVEh0Wmx2NXMwMC8iLCJtYWMiOiI5NGIwMDlmNTQwMmRlNGU3ZWVhNTU3ZDQzYTI5MzA0OWY4YzU3MTc0ODIyODM3ZDgwNGUxZWNkNTdhMmNjMjQ3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Im5KMFdEQ2VnNWx1L3Fna0hEVk92d1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVTVCZ0dycDV6UHNFMmRxUkxtemNTUWVaMnAzeU5vcWxUNEg2VGptdFE3NjVNVEQrenAzM2FIR0l" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "4O2NuRgWeUil4dUolYXjDmWXyiwJlJD0kxMMBfnL" "uc_cart_id" => "b10a361832ba3764f18539329ef67499" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/19400" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 02:52:28GET/chapter/19400112192