Microcirculation and Insulin Resistance

Oxidative Stress and Microvascular Function in Insulin- Resistant States

Author(s): P. Rosen and R. Rosen

Pp: 70-84 (15)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805057410901010070

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

It became evident in the last years that an increased vascular risk is not only associated with frank diabetes, but also already with states of insulin resistance. This risk does not only affect the large vessels contributing to the augmented cardiovascular risk often observed in insulin resistant patients, but also various functions of the microvasculature. Here we present some evidence that insulin resistant states are clearly associated with an increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and linked to a state often called “oxidative stress”. Various mechanisms (NADPH-oxidase, disturbed mitochondrial function, uncoupling of nitric oxide synthase) may contribute to oxidative stress, but may also aggravate insulin resistance. It is discussed whether both oxidative stress and insulin resistance are causally linked and why oxidative stress leads to various defects of microvascular function (changes in vasomotion, permeability, reduced capillary bed, induction of apoptosis, changes in gene expression by activation of transcription factors (NFkappB, AP-1, STAT).

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      • 14. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:784
      • 15. middleware::check_user_access:114
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      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:238
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      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:255
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      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
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      250μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 221988192 and j.to_ip >=221988192 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740514067 and j.to_date >= 1740514067 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1911) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 221988192 and j.to_ip >=221988192 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740514067 and j.to_date >= 1740514067 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1911) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 221988192 and j.to_ip >=221988192 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740514067 and j.to_date >= 1740514067 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1911)
      710μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 924 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740514067 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740514067 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.06msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 924
      • 3: 1740514067
      • 4: 1740514067
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='e52257d43074c0c4791a879369398149'
      230μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Keywords
    1Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        Sps4VNyQN4Gv3Ex1KhMNbcdSIxzKl8YAxhXnjpWB
        uc_cart_id
        e52257d43074c0c4791a879369398149
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/1911" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/1911
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IlhoNnJySHVTQzdWdjE1bVNaa05jZGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoib3hnWGkyNThvMHVEMVhURmw4T3ZxWVZLQlJnWUIyemtWQXd1TXdQR3RwRT0iLCJtYWMiOiIyZjFlYjI4MjNlMzRkOTAzNDkyNGE4YjYzN2MxOWViZTc2ZTFkMWI2OTljNzUzZGViNTFlM2E4NTFhN2Q4YWFiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IlhoNnJySHVTQzdWdjE1bVNaa05jZGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoib3hnWGkyNThvMHVEMVhURmw4T3ZxWVZLQlJnWUIyemtWQXd1TXdQR3RwRT0iLCJtYWMiOiIyZjFlYjI4MjNlMzRk" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 20:07:47 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkFsaDZ0Slh4WnNZZ094TlFMTXhsMGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ2tnZXdDd3ZUSnQ3NUZaakY4U0xpZ2tsTm5jVVdaZW1FajY4ZVgwcUd6T2Q2T25Ydk5Hd2YyWnNHbUJ3aVpiZjFEdVBUNCtna0lMenROVHhuMm82OS91YldMaTNYOW9jNDhuYnhSVS9qd2hMUWxTZlpvZnE4UHRUWjV4OHNVTkYiLCJtYWMiOiIxMGRjZmYyMjMxNjM5NmY2MmZkYmRmNDUzNzhhNWY5ZjQzMTE4MGEyZWEwM2NlM2FmZWJmNThhZjFkZGI3ZjI2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28 Feb 2025 08:07:47 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkFsaDZ0Slh4WnNZZ094TlFMTXhsMGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ2tnZXdDd3ZUSnQ3NUZaakY4U0xpZ2tsTm5jVVdaZW1FajY4ZVgwcUd6T2Q2T25Ydk5Hd2YyWnNHbUJ3aVpiZjFEdVBUN" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkZYOUp3YXZUdHkzb2RuZFBCRUhmRHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaW1NZzhHM2IxUHh5SHQwS2ZQSmdnc3JIc2g0YkIxcU90MnYxczRVMjJBMjRkdWYvSU9vVjQ0eGNyS01MWFdvWllMbTQxdjRReXNudE9BM1lhaHgyRHZDckdGeHRFUUM0YXRRaHV5TU5QUjF1cGVabEZ1MUFkd3hpUEU1cEgrLzAiLCJtYWMiOiI4YzcwNGNjYWZjZTc1MjRiNDMxZWZjNTk5ZTU4ODNmMzM0ZTE2YzVkYWY5MDMzYzlkNTAyZjNiMzg1ZDU4NjUzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkZYOUp3YXZUdHkzb2RuZFBCRUhmRHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaW1NZzhHM2IxUHh5SHQwS2ZQSmdnc3JIc2g0YkIxcU90MnYxczRVMjJBMjRkdWYvSU9vVjQ0eGN" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkFsaDZ0Slh4WnNZZ094TlFMTXhsMGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ2tnZXdDd3ZUSnQ3NUZaakY4U0xpZ2tsTm5jVVdaZW1FajY4ZVgwcUd6T2Q2T25Ydk5Hd2YyWnNHbUJ3aVpiZjFEdVBUNCtna0lMenROVHhuMm82OS91YldMaTNYOW9jNDhuYnhSVS9qd2hMUWxTZlpvZnE4UHRUWjV4OHNVTkYiLCJtYWMiOiIxMGRjZmYyMjMxNjM5NmY2MmZkYmRmNDUzNzhhNWY5ZjQzMTE4MGEyZWEwM2NlM2FmZWJmNThhZjFkZGI3ZjI2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28-Feb-2025 08:07:47 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkFsaDZ0Slh4WnNZZ094TlFMTXhsMGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ2tnZXdDd3ZUSnQ3NUZaakY4U0xpZ2tsTm5jVVdaZW1FajY4ZVgwcUd6T2Q2T25Ydk5Hd2YyWnNHbUJ3aVpiZjFEdVBUN" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkZYOUp3YXZUdHkzb2RuZFBCRUhmRHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaW1NZzhHM2IxUHh5SHQwS2ZQSmdnc3JIc2g0YkIxcU90MnYxczRVMjJBMjRkdWYvSU9vVjQ0eGNyS01MWFdvWllMbTQxdjRReXNudE9BM1lhaHgyRHZDckdGeHRFUUM0YXRRaHV5TU5QUjF1cGVabEZ1MUFkd3hpUEU1cEgrLzAiLCJtYWMiOiI4YzcwNGNjYWZjZTc1MjRiNDMxZWZjNTk5ZTU4ODNmMzM0ZTE2YzVkYWY5MDMzYzlkNTAyZjNiMzg1ZDU4NjUzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkZYOUp3YXZUdHkzb2RuZFBCRUhmRHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaW1NZzhHM2IxUHh5SHQwS2ZQSmdnc3JIc2g0YkIxcU90MnYxczRVMjJBMjRkdWYvSU9vVjQ0eGN" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "Sps4VNyQN4Gv3Ex1KhMNbcdSIxzKl8YAxhXnjpWB" "uc_cart_id" => "e52257d43074c0c4791a879369398149" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/1911" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 20:07:47GET/chapter/1911112193