Digital Economy, Sustainability and International Economic Law

The Global Competition For Issuing Central Bank Digital Currency (‘CBDC’) And The Design Of Its Regulatory Framework - A Review Of The Development of CBDCs In China

Author(s): Qi Lu* and Xiya Ye

Pp: 89-112 (24)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815124064123030007

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

By 2021, over two-thirds of countries across the globe were exploring the way to issue a CBDC, among which China has taken the lead. The Chinese CBDC – DCEP has been on trial in various cities and areas, which heralds its general application in the near future. However, by elaborating on the main features of the DCEP, this paper discerns several challenges that the DCEP may have to face owing to the special regulatory design – setting the reserve rate for the DCEP at 100% – to cater to the need of the internationalization of the Renminbi (‘RMB’). This paper maintains that this approach cannot achieve the goal as contemplated. Instead, it would invoke the severe issue of narrow banking. To prevent this negative externality, as well as to stave off the risk of a systemic bank run, this paper proposes to adopt differentiated treatments for various types of digital wallets holding the DCEP.

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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51739267 and j.to_ip >=51739267 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740528371 and j.to_date >= 1740528371 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 19081) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51739267 and j.to_ip >=51739267 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740528371 and j.to_date >= 1740528371 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 19081) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51739267 and j.to_ip >=51739267 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740528371 and j.to_date >= 1740528371 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 19081)
      600μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3491 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740528371 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740528371 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.09msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3491
      • 3: 1740528371
      • 4: 1740528371
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='dbf99e58773b45d040b72f02a7ea7b41'
      220μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        zMjJANbhCWCZsboJyxIgY5RwU1hpCzkOorjqmOlJ
        uc_cart_id
        dbf99e58773b45d040b72f02a7ea7b41
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/19081" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/19081
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Iis1V0Q1d0oyZjNHbjlBbjQ3ZUVnOFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOUsyMFJWVmRWWUgwVFFDbjNkSGtIWmp0T0JLYVl1MWtjN0NVL2F0OTdraz0iLCJtYWMiOiJhYjAwYjNhZDZmYWIzYTVlNGY3MTE1YTI2MjI2MTNkOGUzYzhlNGZhMmM4YjBiNWEyNjVjZmY2YmY5Yzg1NjFlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Iis1V0Q1d0oyZjNHbjlBbjQ3ZUVnOFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOUsyMFJWVmRWWUgwVFFDbjNkSGtIWmp0T0JLYVl1MWtjN0NVL2F0OTdraz0iLCJtYWMiOiJhYjAwYjNhZDZmYWIz" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Wed, 26 Feb 2025 00:06:11 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlhlOTZ2T1FEa0VqQkFxUGNpdDJPYWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRFpwNDlVQUd5RXJjdCt3cFJCRFluNGdBd2hsSE5Cc0laV1VCNnlwaWg1aUMzTEdVbS9xcWV6Vkh0aUFOcFdraUh6RW12SkFRRDU0dTMweno4dk9aUXdtSFBKVWgxUm9LaHM5eFY0eFFkbUNvMG1MWXNvakE4SFR4V3U3dU93dXciLCJtYWMiOiJjNDVhNDUwOTdlZjUyZmU1NWYzMmU2Y2E2NTI1YTMxNzQwZTZjNTFkZGZkNWM0NTEwY2QyNmQ3Yzc2ZWJiMzcwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28 Feb 2025 12:06:11 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlhlOTZ2T1FEa0VqQkFxUGNpdDJPYWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRFpwNDlVQUd5RXJjdCt3cFJCRFluNGdBd2hsSE5Cc0laV1VCNnlwaWg1aUMzTEdVbS9xcWV6Vkh0aUFOcFdraUh6RW12S" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkZrMXZXOVlURjVRRHBOVlFHQWJGeVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSDdjdWtqc2VibWdOUEszTitnTzlwa3NMSTM0SDdZSThjMFYxNTJic1grYWVZUmxDQ0JEK2phRFpRSmZYcmFPVnVGNzdyZFJVWGR6L3FsWktFVnNSMkJveXFjRzhHUDdxMytoajdCelFhL3VKRk1IeDNwVkZsWFhsb2NDTExNV1EiLCJtYWMiOiI3MjljZjIyNDE5ZGY2ZDQ0ZjU1ODhkYTJhM2Q3ZTY5MmM5YmU3ZTFkMzVmZTM4YTg0YWUxMzkzNmU2ZjI3NDljIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkZrMXZXOVlURjVRRHBOVlFHQWJGeVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSDdjdWtqc2VibWdOUEszTitnTzlwa3NMSTM0SDdZSThjMFYxNTJic1grYWVZUmxDQ0JEK2phRFp" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlhlOTZ2T1FEa0VqQkFxUGNpdDJPYWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRFpwNDlVQUd5RXJjdCt3cFJCRFluNGdBd2hsSE5Cc0laV1VCNnlwaWg1aUMzTEdVbS9xcWV6Vkh0aUFOcFdraUh6RW12SkFRRDU0dTMweno4dk9aUXdtSFBKVWgxUm9LaHM5eFY0eFFkbUNvMG1MWXNvakE4SFR4V3U3dU93dXciLCJtYWMiOiJjNDVhNDUwOTdlZjUyZmU1NWYzMmU2Y2E2NTI1YTMxNzQwZTZjNTFkZGZkNWM0NTEwY2QyNmQ3Yzc2ZWJiMzcwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28-Feb-2025 12:06:11 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlhlOTZ2T1FEa0VqQkFxUGNpdDJPYWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRFpwNDlVQUd5RXJjdCt3cFJCRFluNGdBd2hsSE5Cc0laV1VCNnlwaWg1aUMzTEdVbS9xcWV6Vkh0aUFOcFdraUh6RW12S" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkZrMXZXOVlURjVRRHBOVlFHQWJGeVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSDdjdWtqc2VibWdOUEszTitnTzlwa3NMSTM0SDdZSThjMFYxNTJic1grYWVZUmxDQ0JEK2phRFpRSmZYcmFPVnVGNzdyZFJVWGR6L3FsWktFVnNSMkJveXFjRzhHUDdxMytoajdCelFhL3VKRk1IeDNwVkZsWFhsb2NDTExNV1EiLCJtYWMiOiI3MjljZjIyNDE5ZGY2ZDQ0ZjU1ODhkYTJhM2Q3ZTY5MmM5YmU3ZTFkMzVmZTM4YTg0YWUxMzkzNmU2ZjI3NDljIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkZrMXZXOVlURjVRRHBOVlFHQWJGeVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSDdjdWtqc2VibWdOUEszTitnTzlwa3NMSTM0SDdZSThjMFYxNTJic1grYWVZUmxDQ0JEK2phRFp" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "zMjJANbhCWCZsboJyxIgY5RwU1hpCzkOorjqmOlJ" "uc_cart_id" => "dbf99e58773b45d040b72f02a7ea7b41" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/19081" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-26 00:06:11GET/chapter/19081112192