Microcirculation and Insulin Resistance

Inflammatory Responses to Obesity and Insulin Resistance

Author(s): Georg Singer and D. Neil Granger

Pp: 55-69 (15)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805057410901010055

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Obesity is likely to become a major worldwide epidemic in the 21st century. Clinical evidence demonstrates exaggerated inflammatory responses and an enhanced tissue injury in obese subjects with cardiovascular disease, sepsis, thrombosis and allergic diseases. Emerging evidence suggests that obesity per se is associated with a systemic inflammatory response that is characterized by endothelial cell dysfunction, oxidative stress, and the activation of circulating immune cells. A large number of cytokine-like substances (adipokines) produced by adipose tissue have been implicated in the systemic inflammatory response associated with obesity. Insulin resistance also appears to contribute to the inflammatory phenotype observed in obesity. There is emerging evidence from experimental and clinical studies that implicate the microvasculature as a major target for the deleterious effects of obesity-induced inflammation, and that the altered microvascular responses underlie the exaggerated injury responses to cardiovascular disease, sepsis, thrombosis and allergic diseases in obese subjects.

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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
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      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 60104056 and j.to_ip >=60104056 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740495074 and j.to_date >= 1740495074 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1908) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 60104056 and j.to_ip >=60104056 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740495074 and j.to_date >= 1740495074 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1908) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 60104056 and j.to_ip >=60104056 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740495074 and j.to_date >= 1740495074 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1908)
      580μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 924 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740495074 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740495074 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.13msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 924
      • 3: 1740495074
      • 4: 1740495074
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='a94017ff76e7d926ff8771a2b0faad4a'
      230μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Keywords
    1Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        5P3ROZVZOPqTmDK5WvQGvXCo3siQtjgd0mjUWmoO
        uc_cart_id
        a94017ff76e7d926ff8771a2b0faad4a
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/1908" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/1908
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IjBjV1Jwc1dWNnNrZHBhamZrazZJWmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicFhoZFpnS1dQRkppd0JqNEx2cG5RN1hnM2RYN0ZKUEZJWWRQM0lGLzdRTT0iLCJtYWMiOiI0YjIyNjYzYmFiZmRlYTQ4YTY3MmEwZjkxNmYzNGM5NDU5OGVlYzgxMzUwNGNiYmU2MDhhOGIzMjM2YThiZjI0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IktqVThqUTVvN1JoSVk2aFFSVmkwK2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiR1Z3aENGbVkzSXdpS1U3Q3ZhbHloNDZvQ3ovWW9MbG16T2hBMzVxOW9MeGtFMm12SVRhcGljekhPOVc5UHB0eXdLTTB2UzN0Q2g2UXhYWm9kVldUZUE4ZWVUQmw1M3N2aWIxSEJzOEtiaXlVZGtpbWpGQklGbVZNY2gxTTVmTkQiLCJtYWMiOiJiZWUyYzA2N2I4MjY1YjUxY2ExMTMyZTgwMTA5YWZhZGI3YjlmZGVjNmU5NmViZWM1Mzk5ZjQ5YjBhOTQzMzEwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlZISkxwaUtOV2pnVElnbnZZc2duSWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSHBoUXNXL1JVR3RTQS9wNnVZZ0NJbDUxNFN2V0ZKVm13dEZxRHlEdW1kR2FFN1dIWDhabTF2MVRJU3N0NCtWU3ZvdjFNbHFLWU16R05UVGVTK0tJZmJJNWQyblhCcUl3UGJLWDFFZmY3K1dhRTQxNkEyL3pxWGRSSHRPMDFzRDUiLCJtYWMiOiJlYzk0ZjBlZDE5NWU5N2FiZDUwYzBlYTBhZjM0MDczNjljOTRiMDEyYjE3MjEwMWZlMTA2MTQ1MzQwZGZkNDQ2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IjBjV1Jwc1dWNnNrZHBhamZrazZJWmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicFhoZFpnS1dQRkppd0JqNEx2cG5RN1hnM2RYN0ZKUEZJWWRQM0lGLzdRTT0iLCJtYWMiOiI0YjIyNjYzYmFiZmRl" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
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        response_headers
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        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "5P3ROZVZOPqTmDK5WvQGvXCo3siQtjgd0mjUWmoO" "uc_cart_id" => "a94017ff76e7d926ff8771a2b0faad4a" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/1908" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 14:51:14GET/chapter/1908112193