Microcirculation and Insulin Resistance

Microcirculation: Structural and Functional Specificities

Author(s): Eliete Bouskela, Daniel Bottino and Nicolas Wiernsperger

Pp: 1-13 (13)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805057410901010001

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Microcirculation is an « invisible » world, representing billions of smallest vessels and about 500m2 endothelium, the largest endocrine organ in human body. It is organized in a fractal fashion, in essentially three vessel subtypes: mid-and small sized arterioles (regulating vascular resistance), capillaries (<10µm) and venules which collect blood from tissues. Microvessel structure, effector mechanisms and their regulation are strictly adapted to function and fundamental differences exist between the microvessel segments, as well as between the microvascular and the macrovascular beds. This chapter aims at giving to the unaware reader a short but complete overview of these specificities for a better understanding of forthcoming chapters, which are devoted to describe our concept, namely that microcirculatory defects, eventually appearing very early in life, can cause and/or aggravate insulin resistance leading to diabetes and cardiovascular diseases some decades later.

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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      410μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59422581 and j.to_ip >=59422581 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740497967 and j.to_date >= 1740497967 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1900) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59422581 and j.to_ip >=59422581 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740497967 and j.to_date >= 1740497967 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1900) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59422581 and j.to_ip >=59422581 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740497967 and j.to_date >= 1740497967 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1900)
      850μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 924 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740497967 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740497967 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.53msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 924
      • 3: 1740497967
      • 4: 1740497967
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='2b4995d268c0dbf3596ba650bb6b4a24'
      310μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Keywords
    1Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        FtALnHiRZbmYb3F24rUIA3IA2t9emNjU4Oex9CSw
        uc_cart_id
        2b4995d268c0dbf3596ba650bb6b4a24
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/1900" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/1900
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InJKTllUaWVyd3pRNFVDV3oveWhWTVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoib1RwcXVINkhUNFRwZms0MUREaVZmNytGejFieUNCa1ZxNE1lNElKK3lkcz0iLCJtYWMiOiJhMzQwODdkYmRiYzc4NzMxMDkwNTAyYzZmZDQyYTBhM2ViM2IzMzhiZWUzMTc2YmE5NzhhOWY2N2YzNTA4YjQ2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InJKTllUaWVyd3pRNFVDV3oveWhWTVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoib1RwcXVINkhUNFRwZms0MUREaVZmNytGejFieUNCa1ZxNE1lNElKK3lkcz0iLCJtYWMiOiJhMzQwODdkYmRiYzc4" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 15:39:27 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ilg5dGMvN01kT3lmMytqblZhYUtkWUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWUdQM0pvL3Vxdnhxd0tnVWdyWTVIYm1OYnc2STJjNyt0bWcyTFpMWjlIQXhWMHhOeThjQmM1MHR5cjVZQWJnSXRoZFZZWXVIV0tudXVtTEVxMGtEQ0hjN2JVeFdjQ1gxdkg3WTkrQkUrbDVDNkcyaGlkRk1heVZQYmJwUjNGRUwiLCJtYWMiOiIyZDVjZDM0ZTM4YTczMzFkMGQ0MjIyMGViYjRlNjY1NGJiNGE0NjhiZGVjMGMzOWRjODY2MDczNDQwNDA2NDE5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28 Feb 2025 03:39:27 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ilg5dGMvN01kT3lmMytqblZhYUtkWUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWUdQM0pvL3Vxdnhxd0tnVWdyWTVIYm1OYnc2STJjNyt0bWcyTFpMWjlIQXhWMHhOeThjQmM1MHR5cjVZQWJnSXRoZFZZW" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImVWZTY3bWtlKzJ3a29ueHI4a0JYekE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUTdiN2dyV2g4ZGhlRzI5bldCcXpZU28yZkZ0bHhDNThTdklMTGgyZ0VDTXZEUDBVem5vblBxejVGTWVjSmkycVB3VEQwVkErdkZRQ0ttSGZYaTNVVEp1c011SzNnbDQ0MkJxdHo5Z2FzVjBJS205UmNJbm5laHhNd3BQeHpGMDciLCJtYWMiOiJmMDY3MzFiMThkZjc4OTZhYTY2MzQzM2IwYzhhZTM5YWU5NDMxYmJhOGQwM2VkMjQ3ZjEwM2UxNzdkMTA4M2NmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImVWZTY3bWtlKzJ3a29ueHI4a0JYekE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUTdiN2dyV2g4ZGhlRzI5bldCcXpZU28yZkZ0bHhDNThTdklMTGgyZ0VDTXZEUDBVem5vblBxejV" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ilg5dGMvN01kT3lmMytqblZhYUtkWUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWUdQM0pvL3Vxdnhxd0tnVWdyWTVIYm1OYnc2STJjNyt0bWcyTFpMWjlIQXhWMHhOeThjQmM1MHR5cjVZQWJnSXRoZFZZWXVIV0tudXVtTEVxMGtEQ0hjN2JVeFdjQ1gxdkg3WTkrQkUrbDVDNkcyaGlkRk1heVZQYmJwUjNGRUwiLCJtYWMiOiIyZDVjZDM0ZTM4YTczMzFkMGQ0MjIyMGViYjRlNjY1NGJiNGE0NjhiZGVjMGMzOWRjODY2MDczNDQwNDA2NDE5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28-Feb-2025 03:39:27 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ilg5dGMvN01kT3lmMytqblZhYUtkWUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWUdQM0pvL3Vxdnhxd0tnVWdyWTVIYm1OYnc2STJjNyt0bWcyTFpMWjlIQXhWMHhOeThjQmM1MHR5cjVZQWJnSXRoZFZZW" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImVWZTY3bWtlKzJ3a29ueHI4a0JYekE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUTdiN2dyV2g4ZGhlRzI5bldCcXpZU28yZkZ0bHhDNThTdklMTGgyZ0VDTXZEUDBVem5vblBxejVGTWVjSmkycVB3VEQwVkErdkZRQ0ttSGZYaTNVVEp1c011SzNnbDQ0MkJxdHo5Z2FzVjBJS205UmNJbm5laHhNd3BQeHpGMDciLCJtYWMiOiJmMDY3MzFiMThkZjc4OTZhYTY2MzQzM2IwYzhhZTM5YWU5NDMxYmJhOGQwM2VkMjQ3ZjEwM2UxNzdkMTA4M2NmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImVWZTY3bWtlKzJ3a29ueHI4a0JYekE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUTdiN2dyV2g4ZGhlRzI5bldCcXpZU28yZkZ0bHhDNThTdklMTGgyZ0VDTXZEUDBVem5vblBxejV" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "FtALnHiRZbmYb3F24rUIA3IA2t9emNjU4Oex9CSw" "uc_cart_id" => "2b4995d268c0dbf3596ba650bb6b4a24" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/1900" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 15:39:27GET/chapter/1900112193