Practical Handbook of Thermal Fluid Science

OTTO AND DIESEL CYCLES

Author(s): Yun Wang * .

Pp: 138-159 (22)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681089195123010012

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

8.1. INTRODUCTION

Otto and Diesel cycle engines play an important role in our transportation and energy use. They are typically reciprocating heat engines that convert the thermal energy from fuel combustion to mechanical energy in the form of piston movement. The mechanical energy further drives a vehicle over a distance. The Otto and diesel cycle engines are the most common engine in passenger cars, light trucks, and other applications where small (10 Hp) to medium power (500 Hp) is required. Some large turbo supercharged radial aircraft engines reach 5,000 Hp. Applications of small power, such as lawnmowers and hand-held devices like trimmers and chain saws, require a level of 100-1,000 W power. Typical values of their thermal efficiency are 30-35% for Otto cycle engines and 30-40% for Diesel engines. Small utility-type engines may have ~20% efficiency due to simple design and control. While the basic principles of these reciprocating engines have not changed significantly since invention, advances in fuel induction, ignition systems, and exhaust emission controls have improved economy and performance and reduced pollution.

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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314383442 and j.to_ip >=314383442 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739971930 and j.to_date >= 1739971930 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 18796) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314383442 and j.to_ip >=314383442 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739971930 and j.to_date >= 1739971930 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 18796) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314383442 and j.to_ip >=314383442 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739971930 and j.to_date >= 1739971930 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 18796)
      960μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3472 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739971930 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739971930 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.52msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3472
      • 3: 1739971930
      • 4: 1739971930
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='dd2f9a656bdf54519e85c22193e551a6'
      310μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        sXCAuwcaXViXhFhExh6AQocBhPfwUeBAmWSQqZP1
        uc_cart_id
        dd2f9a656bdf54519e85c22193e551a6
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/18796" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/18796
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Imh4MkFxVzNWQmdZa2E1biswNjdPNkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZVlFeTZxVGtEdnNZdklkeEtaRXlDUnlRQWNXd1hNVE9xdHpuV2QxVmN1RT0iLCJtYWMiOiI3OThjM2EwZGFiMGY3YjZlZmNiYjliN2IyODIxNmMxNjdmOWViNWMxYjA0MzFjYWZhYzQwMmI5NTU0MDg1NzQwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Imh4MkFxVzNWQmdZa2E1biswNjdPNkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZVlFeTZxVGtEdnNZdklkeEtaRXlDUnlRQWNXd1hNVE9xdHpuV2QxVmN1RT0iLCJtYWMiOiI3OThjM2EwZGFiMGY3" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Wed, 19 Feb 2025 13:32:10 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InpHT2drQWVUdElSZUNza0MwaUF6QUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieWdlcVFwK2F3WlBFclpPVDVzRjdBcFIzYkx0aUJ4VFNDaHRscFVhMWRCWWc2TEtOK1h5c0xXdTNYYnIwbjNqVHljS0tqY1BaZ3d1NXN4MEY0eTJWVnU4K0Vacld5WVBTR0hXOXFuaGswYkg0ZTIwUWF6VzZlL2dBSCtUQTVsVmQiLCJtYWMiOiJjYTkyYzRlNzE5NzMxNzQzYzUxMWFiYjM5NzU2ZjNjYWE4ZjlkOWQ3ZTY3OGE2OGQ0YjRhNTRmYTc3MmVlOGMwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sat, 22 Feb 2025 01:32:10 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InpHT2drQWVUdElSZUNza0MwaUF6QUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieWdlcVFwK2F3WlBFclpPVDVzRjdBcFIzYkx0aUJ4VFNDaHRscFVhMWRCWWc2TEtOK1h5c0xXdTNYYnIwbjNqVHljS0tqY" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjhTUThxLzM2Nno0R0ZtMXlsSzRSVEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiU1FSY3daUzVsQVRYVGs4V2tRVWIvdkowSjFrcVZBalNhcGxmejVxZFEzazk5QnNCREpCUmN5alFtQWtTeVNFd1lRa0QzK3ZXY0dUTzRWa1ZxQU9hdjBGYThTODVvUDU3RDE1czBKNFUrVExLTWZBTE52TkVUM0Zwd1BSRytzelMiLCJtYWMiOiIxYjM2NzIzZWNiYjY0Mjk1NDY1OGM2YzkxNTJkZTVlNTliYWY5YWU0M2FiMjNjNjQ2OTA1ZGNkMDY5MzU3ZDQ3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjhTUThxLzM2Nno0R0ZtMXlsSzRSVEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiU1FSY3daUzVsQVRYVGs4V2tRVWIvdkowSjFrcVZBalNhcGxmejVxZFEzazk5QnNCREpCUmN5alF" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InpHT2drQWVUdElSZUNza0MwaUF6QUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieWdlcVFwK2F3WlBFclpPVDVzRjdBcFIzYkx0aUJ4VFNDaHRscFVhMWRCWWc2TEtOK1h5c0xXdTNYYnIwbjNqVHljS0tqY1BaZ3d1NXN4MEY0eTJWVnU4K0Vacld5WVBTR0hXOXFuaGswYkg0ZTIwUWF6VzZlL2dBSCtUQTVsVmQiLCJtYWMiOiJjYTkyYzRlNzE5NzMxNzQzYzUxMWFiYjM5NzU2ZjNjYWE4ZjlkOWQ3ZTY3OGE2OGQ0YjRhNTRmYTc3MmVlOGMwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sat, 22-Feb-2025 01:32:10 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InpHT2drQWVUdElSZUNza0MwaUF6QUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieWdlcVFwK2F3WlBFclpPVDVzRjdBcFIzYkx0aUJ4VFNDaHRscFVhMWRCWWc2TEtOK1h5c0xXdTNYYnIwbjNqVHljS0tqY" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjhTUThxLzM2Nno0R0ZtMXlsSzRSVEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiU1FSY3daUzVsQVRYVGs4V2tRVWIvdkowSjFrcVZBalNhcGxmejVxZFEzazk5QnNCREpCUmN5alFtQWtTeVNFd1lRa0QzK3ZXY0dUTzRWa1ZxQU9hdjBGYThTODVvUDU3RDE1czBKNFUrVExLTWZBTE52TkVUM0Zwd1BSRytzelMiLCJtYWMiOiIxYjM2NzIzZWNiYjY0Mjk1NDY1OGM2YzkxNTJkZTVlNTliYWY5YWU0M2FiMjNjNjQ2OTA1ZGNkMDY5MzU3ZDQ3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjhTUThxLzM2Nno0R0ZtMXlsSzRSVEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiU1FSY3daUzVsQVRYVGs4V2tRVWIvdkowSjFrcVZBalNhcGxmejVxZFEzazk5QnNCREpCUmN5alF" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "sXCAuwcaXViXhFhExh6AQocBhPfwUeBAmWSQqZP1" "uc_cart_id" => "dd2f9a656bdf54519e85c22193e551a6" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/18796" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-19 13:32:10GET/chapter/18796112192