The Practice of Sleep Medicine Around The World: Challenges, Knowledge Gaps and Unique Needs

Sleep Medicine in Australia

Author(s): Nicole Grivell, Alexander Sweetman, Nicole Lovato, Andrew Vakulin and Ching Li Chai-Coetzer * .

Pp: 49-66 (18)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815049367123010008

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

This chapter explores the current context of sleep medicine in Australia. Detailed descriptions of the providers involved in sleep health care, the services available for the assessment and management of sleep disorders, the professional organisations supporting and advocating for sleep medicine, Australian clinical guidelines, and the barriers limiting the provision of best practice sleep health care are presented within this chapter. Sleep medicine is available within Australia by means of publicly funded specialist-led sleep services such as public hospital outpatient clinics and sleep laboratories, and private referral options including specialist sleep physicians, sleep psychologists and private sleep laboratories. Access to publicly funded sleep services are often limited by long wait times for assessment and management, insufficient numbers of sleep-trained providers and long distances to travel for those individuals located in rural and remote areas. Private sleep services offer shorter waiting times than public sleep services, however the associated costs of accessing private treatment mean that it is limited to those with the financial means to afford it. Subsidies for many treatments for sleep disorders, such as continuous positive airway pressure and mandibular advancement splints, are also restricted to those on government benefits and/or those who hold private health insurance coverage. Research exploring new models of care for sleep health care within the primary care setting is currently being conducted in an effort to improve access to care for the many Australians living with sleep disorders.

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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314530707 and j.to_ip >=314530707 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834417 and j.to_date >= 1739834417 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 18686) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314530707 and j.to_ip >=314530707 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834417 and j.to_date >= 1739834417 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 18686) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314530707 and j.to_ip >=314530707 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834417 and j.to_date >= 1739834417 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 18686)
      840μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3466 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739834417 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739834417 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.5msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3466
      • 3: 1739834417
      • 4: 1739834417
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='a555a766d7f41e8524196dd83ae4e103'
      230μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        3iwebF8TihwsBlrF1kgYD3SL0YJZP2z38yvjrSEh
        uc_cart_id
        a555a766d7f41e8524196dd83ae4e103
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/18686" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/18686
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InFRR1RFM1cyUjN5K1l0RUFxUCtFSkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRjgyUzF2LzRBODB4UHRPaWY2SVBNeXpzZGhJZUJTL0ZMSnZnaVpyOG5sST0iLCJtYWMiOiI1OTEyMWFlZjk5M2VlZGE4YjFhMmU2NGJjOGI2NDA4YTU3ODZhMDM5YjU2MGMwOWY1ZDUwNDdlYTJjZjI3N2QzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InFRR1RFM1cyUjN5K1l0RUFxUCtFSkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRjgyUzF2LzRBODB4UHRPaWY2SVBNeXpzZGhJZUJTL0ZMSnZnaVpyOG5sST0iLCJtYWMiOiI1OTEyMWFlZjk5M2Vl" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mon, 17 Feb 2025 23:20:17 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjYrTGVzNFUrOUM3WXpYWERBdlEzU1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZU1rKytvN0NwOTNJT1MxWVowbjdkVVlPLzVFaFM0Q1c5SlpKdWoyWXJxYWpBZ21kT2pFQi9tejhIL2dDSWJaQ0lucEpHR1hHYTB6M01vNythelhXaXExRVRIandJbDJZNVUzbFQ0RUFyN3o0TEs2cnMvOGt4NDVMbVpOclFJTmMiLCJtYWMiOiI4NGNkZmRlYmMzZDhjMzQzOTFmZDI4M2FhN2EyNmViZWZhMWViYjNiZGM4YWUwN2FkNzg5NmMyZWE5N2IwYTQ1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 11:20:17 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjYrTGVzNFUrOUM3WXpYWERBdlEzU1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZU1rKytvN0NwOTNJT1MxWVowbjdkVVlPLzVFaFM0Q1c5SlpKdWoyWXJxYWpBZ21kT2pFQi9tejhIL2dDSWJaQ0lucEpHR" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkE5cWZiSEljTUJxbHM1aDY1V0ZCSmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiM3JuY3JOdXduZjNOcXV4TzVCVzFFeldMTWV5d2dZUUIvQ3o2SldhMFZUdUJaazFmbmswNkh4dCszdklhT0N0WlRUVWx6UkRnNXRmLytCMVFkMFFkZEYycmcvTDhiZnVvZ2JTVFVqUEt6R0dQQ3NoM0RTK0k1ZlFQMnRQYWJ0elYiLCJtYWMiOiI3ZWM5NDRiODY3NTQ2NTJjNWJkMzczZjVjOGY0MThjMTBkMDJmYmQxNDg4MmYyOTEzOTEzOGZhNmM0ODM5MTk0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkE5cWZiSEljTUJxbHM1aDY1V0ZCSmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiM3JuY3JOdXduZjNOcXV4TzVCVzFFeldMTWV5d2dZUUIvQ3o2SldhMFZUdUJaazFmbmswNkh4dCs" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjYrTGVzNFUrOUM3WXpYWERBdlEzU1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZU1rKytvN0NwOTNJT1MxWVowbjdkVVlPLzVFaFM0Q1c5SlpKdWoyWXJxYWpBZ21kT2pFQi9tejhIL2dDSWJaQ0lucEpHR1hHYTB6M01vNythelhXaXExRVRIandJbDJZNVUzbFQ0RUFyN3o0TEs2cnMvOGt4NDVMbVpOclFJTmMiLCJtYWMiOiI4NGNkZmRlYmMzZDhjMzQzOTFmZDI4M2FhN2EyNmViZWZhMWViYjNiZGM4YWUwN2FkNzg5NmMyZWE5N2IwYTQ1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 11:20:17 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjYrTGVzNFUrOUM3WXpYWERBdlEzU1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZU1rKytvN0NwOTNJT1MxWVowbjdkVVlPLzVFaFM0Q1c5SlpKdWoyWXJxYWpBZ21kT2pFQi9tejhIL2dDSWJaQ0lucEpHR" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkE5cWZiSEljTUJxbHM1aDY1V0ZCSmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiM3JuY3JOdXduZjNOcXV4TzVCVzFFeldMTWV5d2dZUUIvQ3o2SldhMFZUdUJaazFmbmswNkh4dCszdklhT0N0WlRUVWx6UkRnNXRmLytCMVFkMFFkZEYycmcvTDhiZnVvZ2JTVFVqUEt6R0dQQ3NoM0RTK0k1ZlFQMnRQYWJ0elYiLCJtYWMiOiI3ZWM5NDRiODY3NTQ2NTJjNWJkMzczZjVjOGY0MThjMTBkMDJmYmQxNDg4MmYyOTEzOTEzOGZhNmM0ODM5MTk0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkE5cWZiSEljTUJxbHM1aDY1V0ZCSmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiM3JuY3JOdXduZjNOcXV4TzVCVzFFeldMTWV5d2dZUUIvQ3o2SldhMFZUdUJaazFmbmswNkh4dCs" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "3iwebF8TihwsBlrF1kgYD3SL0YJZP2z38yvjrSEh" "uc_cart_id" => "a555a766d7f41e8524196dd83ae4e103" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/18686" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-17 23:20:17GET/chapter/18686112192