GPI Membrane Anchors – The Much Needed link

Trans-Cellular Mobility of GPI-Anchored Proteins

Author(s): Barbara Viljetic, Marija Heffer-Lauc and Gordan Lauc

Pp: 19-33 (15)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805123611001010019

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins are comprised of a relatively large hydrophilic moiety tethered to a membrane by a relatively small lipid tail. The functional role of the anchor is not clearly established, and proposals range from cell motility to cell signaling. Together with gangliosides and cholesterol, GPI-anchored proteins form membrane microdomains called lipid rafts in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane that are involved in the regulation and modulation of numerous cellular processes.

GPI-anchored proteins can be actively shed from the membrane of one cell and taken up by other cells by insertion of their lipid anchors into the cell membrane. There are physiological processes where trans-cellular mobility of GPI-anchored proteins occurs. This process appears to be regulated, and most probably involves catalytic activity of some proteins that still have to be identified (GPI-specific phospholipases). Tumor cells and some pathogens apparently misuse this process for their own advantage, but its real physiological functions remain to be discovered. Special attention should be given when using detergents for biochemical and immunohistochemical methods in analysis of these molecules because of probable artifacts.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309701250 and j.to_ip >=309701250 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847714 and j.to_date >= 1739847714 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1856) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309701250 and j.to_ip >=309701250 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847714 and j.to_date >= 1739847714 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1856) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309701250 and j.to_ip >=309701250 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847714 and j.to_date >= 1739847714 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1856)
      670μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 922 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739847714 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739847714 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.09msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 922
      • 3: 1739847714
      • 4: 1739847714
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='7d8573d47259e9927ff3e99cb87d75e9'
      230μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Keywords
    1Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        8FN6491qqNr30NJR9LTCXyUWaVmFcKLFNEPpuDSs
        uc_cart_id
        7d8573d47259e9927ff3e99cb87d75e9
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/1856" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/1856
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:16 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 18 Feb 2025 03:01:54 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImdDNy9nb0RjRXFsSjFJaW5UazdXNmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiL05HNXZGUmhtdy9BRm5qcHpUZWNoSW9IVGUxcWFkUzAydWxidDk2R2QwUCtSa3MyUW9BT0xaRmh4TzJLV0xxNHBZbEk4cDdZbGY3VkQvbDZtbVR3dVlMOXdtQ3Y1T3ZkVFZhK0Vadi8rVmtyYWhmN25uQWcrQUxpbmZWMHZaMzgiLCJtYWMiOiJlNjgxOWM3MGUzZDU0OGI1NzYzYTYzNmQ5NzY2ZDIwZTU4ZWU4N2E5YmNhOGJiN2QyZDBiZmQwNmI3OTZmMmMxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 15:01:54 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImdDNy9nb0RjRXFsSjFJaW5UazdXNmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiL05HNXZGUmhtdy9BRm5qcHpUZWNoSW9IVGUxcWFkUzAydWxidDk2R2QwUCtSa3MyUW9BT0xaRmh4TzJLV0xxNHBZbEk4c" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImpycWxBQTBWbDVLbThCNmUvbnFiREE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieGVzU0hoYkNJd3JwSHYxOTgvUXVQR1FyVzk0bHgvN0xydHBneXNRYmFUY2UyTDZ2YVpBTnFrTzVwUytRZng2dFdMWisxZFNaYWQ2bXlQaXRhMkc5S0dJTForempnL2dQK0ZPSDlSNnpja3kyQ1hsYWhYMGtiOWQzc29ZdHR0d0wiLCJtYWMiOiIxYmZlMzY3YWQ3YTFkYTgwOTQ2YTYwMmVlODg4ZjFjOWI5Mjc1YTI0NjJiMzA1YWIyZGQ4Njk4NGUwOWEyZGJmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImpycWxBQTBWbDVLbThCNmUvbnFiREE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieGVzU0hoYkNJd3JwSHYxOTgvUXVQR1FyVzk0bHgvN0xydHBneXNRYmFUY2UyTDZ2YVpBTnFrTzV" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImdDNy9nb0RjRXFsSjFJaW5UazdXNmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiL05HNXZGUmhtdy9BRm5qcHpUZWNoSW9IVGUxcWFkUzAydWxidDk2R2QwUCtSa3MyUW9BT0xaRmh4TzJLV0xxNHBZbEk4cDdZbGY3VkQvbDZtbVR3dVlMOXdtQ3Y1T3ZkVFZhK0Vadi8rVmtyYWhmN25uQWcrQUxpbmZWMHZaMzgiLCJtYWMiOiJlNjgxOWM3MGUzZDU0OGI1NzYzYTYzNmQ5NzY2ZDIwZTU4ZWU4N2E5YmNhOGJiN2QyZDBiZmQwNmI3OTZmMmMxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 15:01:54 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImdDNy9nb0RjRXFsSjFJaW5UazdXNmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiL05HNXZGUmhtdy9BRm5qcHpUZWNoSW9IVGUxcWFkUzAydWxidDk2R2QwUCtSa3MyUW9BT0xaRmh4TzJLV0xxNHBZbEk4c" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImpycWxBQTBWbDVLbThCNmUvbnFiREE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieGVzU0hoYkNJd3JwSHYxOTgvUXVQR1FyVzk0bHgvN0xydHBneXNRYmFUY2UyTDZ2YVpBTnFrTzVwUytRZng2dFdMWisxZFNaYWQ2bXlQaXRhMkc5S0dJTForempnL2dQK0ZPSDlSNnpja3kyQ1hsYWhYMGtiOWQzc29ZdHR0d0wiLCJtYWMiOiIxYmZlMzY3YWQ3YTFkYTgwOTQ2YTYwMmVlODg4ZjFjOWI5Mjc1YTI0NjJiMzA1YWIyZGQ4Njk4NGUwOWEyZGJmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImpycWxBQTBWbDVLbThCNmUvbnFiREE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieGVzU0hoYkNJd3JwSHYxOTgvUXVQR1FyVzk0bHgvN0xydHBneXNRYmFUY2UyTDZ2YVpBTnFrTzV" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "8FN6491qqNr30NJR9LTCXyUWaVmFcKLFNEPpuDSs" "uc_cart_id" => "7d8573d47259e9927ff3e99cb87d75e9" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/1856" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 03:01:54GET/chapter/1856112193