Photonic Materials: Recent Advances and Emerging Applications

All-optical Logic Gate Using Photonic Crystals for Ultra-Fast Telecommunication Applications

Author(s): Margarat Michael*, B. Elizabeth Caroline, J. Vidhya, M. Saravanan and P. Nithyavalli

Pp: 21-42 (22)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815049756123010005

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Most major high-speed applications, such as communications, environmental monitoring, transportation, smart homes, industries and gadgets are enabled by recent photonic technology. Basic all-optical logic gates are used in the development of image sensors, ultra-fast optical devices, and positioning equipment in high-speed applications. Among different technologies proposed for all-optical implementation, Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (SOA) have been widely adopted. They have attractive features such as wide gain bandwidth, low power consumption, compactness and strong non-linearity. SOA still has a limitation that its spontaneous emission noise restricts the performance. The semiconductor optical amplifiers with quantum dots exhibit higher saturation output power, lower current density threshold, wider gain bandwidth, and low noise figure than conventional SOA. Quantum Dot Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (QDSOAs) also have limitations like large size, high power consumption and spontaneous emission of noise. Photonic Crystal (PhC) is an artificial material that is suitable to overcome all drawbacks of SOA and QDSOA due to its simple structure and compactness, high speed, low power consumption, and low loss. PhC-based structures allow propagation of light in a controlled manner with its periodic crystal arrangements having dissimilar diffraction index. PhCs are considered to be a suitable structure for designing all-optical devices with compactness. In this chapter, an all-optical XOR is designed. Initially, the XOR gate is designed and simulated by using the FDTD method. The proposed XOR logic is achieved without nano-resonators and then with nanoresonators to get enhanced performance metrics in the form of high contrast ratio. The contrast ratio is 260 dB for the XOR gate with a delay time of 0.19 ps. The proposed XOR logic gate has potential practical applications for high speed applications of telecommunication systems.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 58841643 and j.to_ip >=58841643 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740346506 and j.to_date >= 1740346506 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 18536) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 58841643 and j.to_ip >=58841643 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740346506 and j.to_date >= 1740346506 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 18536) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 58841643 and j.to_ip >=58841643 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740346506 and j.to_date >= 1740346506 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 18536)
      800μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3455 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740346506 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740346506 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.51msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3455
      • 3: 1740346506
      • 4: 1740346506
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='2f6e5787bc0680e6b730e3fc4175e587'
      280μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        4bIPLUe45iV1h9tVgrXm7pBxpabNQIs1q0E4mlWD
        uc_cart_id
        2f6e5787bc0680e6b730e3fc4175e587
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/18536" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/18536
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IlNuTkxQQ0pGOWxpUkpDczJQWXhYZWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUUhxWk82Nys4TnZmWkdVYkpqaDc1Q1dMN1dYc3ZpTVNYbDI0d3dnRndyMD0iLCJtYWMiOiJhZDQ3M2UzYmVkNjQzMmI3NGRmYzQ3YjI2NzAzNDFhOWJlZTk5NmEzMjVlZTYyZGYxNzdjZWE5ZWMzZGFhYzdjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IlNuTkxQQ0pGOWxpUkpDczJQWXhYZWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUUhxWk82Nys4TnZmWkdVYkpqaDc1Q1dMN1dYc3ZpTVNYbDI0d3dnRndyMD0iLCJtYWMiOiJhZDQ3M2UzYmVkNjQz" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Sun, 23 Feb 2025 21:35:06 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ii9yS01lK1JhN3VhR1FrY1FaalQwekE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTEswbUpWRncxMVpVenFaN3R4UEl6ai9IcEUrcDFhV3liQ2NpVEsxOXg5ZzRxUGJtM1ZQQkF4R3lwR3Y5ZGUvM0ZBOTRQbmRvSW9VeEZJWXN6dzlFZVU0QXZhLzJ5dERSMnVtYXg2TlpUWk5tRVEvWjRyNWJzcEpBc1RpTmFTTHIiLCJtYWMiOiJmYjAxNTlmMDIxMTc1ZjhkMDY0MjFhOWEwOTczOWZkM2NiZDRiOTRjZDYwNGY3YzYyY2EwZDdiN2RhNTRlOTNlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Wed, 26 Feb 2025 09:35:06 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ii9yS01lK1JhN3VhR1FrY1FaalQwekE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTEswbUpWRncxMVpVenFaN3R4UEl6ai9IcEUrcDFhV3liQ2NpVEsxOXg5ZzRxUGJtM1ZQQkF4R3lwR3Y5ZGUvM0ZBOTRQb" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjQ1OU1na3JWUWhLMUE2WndTa3Q3NHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMWZKc3hqanpaUGhDK1E4eThnMFVCZUMzOGNFVG1raERxTVJzN2hqdWxjODA1Z1MxRjlxMlpMcUNzc0ZIUmJZTWZsT1R2RHhiNlBFV3JwMjZoZDlESUMwRWtrTGV2TlkvVlJiN3kxRWRCdjVXRjczYjJQMUREOC9NS2QralNxOW8iLCJtYWMiOiJiNmUyYzAyOTc5ZDczMWUxM2NhZjIxZDM0N2QzZWQzZWE3YmJjMWMxODc1M2ZkMDU4NThkMTk3ODRjNjBhMDRjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjQ1OU1na3JWUWhLMUE2WndTa3Q3NHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMWZKc3hqanpaUGhDK1E4eThnMFVCZUMzOGNFVG1raERxTVJzN2hqdWxjODA1Z1MxRjlxMlpMcUN" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ii9yS01lK1JhN3VhR1FrY1FaalQwekE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTEswbUpWRncxMVpVenFaN3R4UEl6ai9IcEUrcDFhV3liQ2NpVEsxOXg5ZzRxUGJtM1ZQQkF4R3lwR3Y5ZGUvM0ZBOTRQbmRvSW9VeEZJWXN6dzlFZVU0QXZhLzJ5dERSMnVtYXg2TlpUWk5tRVEvWjRyNWJzcEpBc1RpTmFTTHIiLCJtYWMiOiJmYjAxNTlmMDIxMTc1ZjhkMDY0MjFhOWEwOTczOWZkM2NiZDRiOTRjZDYwNGY3YzYyY2EwZDdiN2RhNTRlOTNlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Wed, 26-Feb-2025 09:35:06 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ii9yS01lK1JhN3VhR1FrY1FaalQwekE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTEswbUpWRncxMVpVenFaN3R4UEl6ai9IcEUrcDFhV3liQ2NpVEsxOXg5ZzRxUGJtM1ZQQkF4R3lwR3Y5ZGUvM0ZBOTRQb" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjQ1OU1na3JWUWhLMUE2WndTa3Q3NHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMWZKc3hqanpaUGhDK1E4eThnMFVCZUMzOGNFVG1raERxTVJzN2hqdWxjODA1Z1MxRjlxMlpMcUNzc0ZIUmJZTWZsT1R2RHhiNlBFV3JwMjZoZDlESUMwRWtrTGV2TlkvVlJiN3kxRWRCdjVXRjczYjJQMUREOC9NS2QralNxOW8iLCJtYWMiOiJiNmUyYzAyOTc5ZDczMWUxM2NhZjIxZDM0N2QzZWQzZWE3YmJjMWMxODc1M2ZkMDU4NThkMTk3ODRjNjBhMDRjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjQ1OU1na3JWUWhLMUE2WndTa3Q3NHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMWZKc3hqanpaUGhDK1E4eThnMFVCZUMzOGNFVG1raERxTVJzN2hqdWxjODA1Z1MxRjlxMlpMcUN" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "4bIPLUe45iV1h9tVgrXm7pBxpabNQIs1q0E4mlWD" "uc_cart_id" => "2f6e5787bc0680e6b730e3fc4175e587" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/18536" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-23 21:35:06GET/chapter/18536112192