Extremophiles: Diversity, Adaptation and Applications

Diversity and Mechanisms of Adaptation of Predominant Bacterial Chemolithotrophs in Extreme Habitats

Author(s): Kunal Kumar Saha, Subhrangshu Mandal* and Masrure Alam

Pp: 356-394 (39)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815080353122010017

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

 Bacterial chemolithotrophy is one of the most ancient metabolisms and is generally defined as the ability of some microorganisms to utilize a wide range of inorganic substrates as an energy or electron source. While lithotrophy can itself be considered as extremophily, as only some microorganisms (the rock-eaters) have the ability to utilize diverse inorganic chemicals as the sole source of energy, the phylogenetically diverse groups of lithotrophs can thrive in a wide range of extreme habitats. Apart from their excellent eco-physiological adaptability, they also possess versatile enzymatic machinery for maintaining their lithotrophic attributes under such extreme environments. In this chapter, we have highlighted the diversity of iron, hydrogen and sulfur lithotrophic extremophilic bacteria in various extreme habitats, and their role in maintaining the primary productivity, ecosystem stability and mineral cycling / mineralogical transformations. Moreover, genetic determinants and different enzymatic systems which are reported to be involved in such lithotrophic metabolism also have been discussed. We hope this article will shed some new light on the field of extremophile lithotrophy, which will eventually improve our understanding of the extended new boundaries of life. 

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316245611 and j.to_ip >=316245611 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848349 and j.to_date >= 1739848349 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 18505) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316245611 and j.to_ip >=316245611 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848349 and j.to_date >= 1739848349 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 18505) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316245611 and j.to_ip >=316245611 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848349 and j.to_date >= 1739848349 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 18505)
      710μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3453 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739848349 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739848349 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.07msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3453
      • 3: 1739848349
      • 4: 1739848349
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='d578ee5fb5566c504e46e7992c03dd3d'
      240μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        uwqdM4lnWScWVEtskHR8MY8xlg4vXiQHi3f0Jc2v
        uc_cart_id
        d578ee5fb5566c504e46e7992c03dd3d
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/18505" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/18505
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
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        response_headers
        0 of 0
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        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "uwqdM4lnWScWVEtskHR8MY8xlg4vXiQHi3f0Jc2v" "uc_cart_id" => "d578ee5fb5566c504e46e7992c03dd3d" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/18505" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 03:12:29GET/chapter/18505112192