Extremophiles: Diversity, Adaptation and Applications

Psychrophiles

Author(s): Mazharul Abbasi * .

Pp: 64-104 (41)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815080353122010007

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Psychrophiles can be defined as the members of the kingdom Monera thriving permanently at the lowest temperature range. Since the majority of our planet is generally cold, psychrophiles are common within a wide range of habitats. Extensive research in the field of genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics revealed that psychrophiles are endowed with several adaptive features to survive and grow in their cold habitat. Several adaptations in different cellular entities, such as cell envelopes, enzymes, chaperones; protein synthesis machinery, energy generating system, and metabolic pathways have been reported. All these modifications in psychrophiles are found to be indispensable to withstand these harsh environmental challenges. The chapter focuses on the current state of knowledge for understanding the biodiversity and mechanism of low-temperature adaptation of psychrophilic microorganisms. Furthermore, the modified biomolecules in psychrophiles, mainly enzymes and reserved materials, with distinct features, were found to be useful for several applications including molecular biology research, bioremediation, detergent formulations, and the food industry. The biotechnological and industrial significance of the psychrophiles is also discussed in this chapter. 

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316202228 and j.to_ip >=316202228 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847607 and j.to_date >= 1739847607 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 18495) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316202228 and j.to_ip >=316202228 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847607 and j.to_date >= 1739847607 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 18495) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316202228 and j.to_ip >=316202228 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847607 and j.to_date >= 1739847607 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 18495)
      720μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3453 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739847607 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739847607 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.18msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3453
      • 3: 1739847607
      • 4: 1739847607
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='1981e48555fd4f53a9f6131066448137'
      250μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        gLWMIoswrpITGGB0rQJhwLagq33kAug0Ugbk7t6T
        uc_cart_id
        1981e48555fd4f53a9f6131066448137
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/18495" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/18495
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InJFVmRqcE1DK29KUlYvLzAxdXdjQ0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNCtadnVFWEsvZWpVNUZJaFh1UGZzUW5CNGw2dGJVdHgwSWcvaHhYK3h2VT0iLCJtYWMiOiJjODgwNDYwZDM2OGI1ZDJjYmU4ODc2YzdkNmY3MGMwMDA4NjdhNTdlMzMxM2JkNzY5MDdiYTMyMDIyZjcwMDgxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InJFVmRqcE1DK29KUlYvLzAxdXdjQ0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNCtadnVFWEsvZWpVNUZJaFh1UGZzUW5CNGw2dGJVdHgwSWcvaHhYK3h2VT0iLCJtYWMiOiJjODgwNDYwZDM2OGI1" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 18 Feb 2025 03:00:07 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjFYdjJJZDNUVkV4MENzOG1YamlMSGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYTlLbTdmY283WUpsUUs4ZGJHS1AycGlFU1MwTHJVbHBmVEFNeGJGYkU3NkYzQlQxWmRjcHJ6SHRvVDhoNTFFWXdySjZPVHdVa2k4QnJ3c0o2KzU3S1prZnRBdVRja0JuRFNRYjVMVG03dCtiYUhTb1ozTTVzSHEvQ3Q2Z1ZESTkiLCJtYWMiOiIwNTc4NGNmYWE5MzA4YjdiZDUxNGY2Y2RmYWJhYzRjOTgxMWM5MjkxNmQ0ZjEzNDA3NWY3ZTU4ZWU3MmYzMzgxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 15:00:07 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjFYdjJJZDNUVkV4MENzOG1YamlMSGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYTlLbTdmY283WUpsUUs4ZGJHS1AycGlFU1MwTHJVbHBmVEFNeGJGYkU3NkYzQlQxWmRjcHJ6SHRvVDhoNTFFWXdySjZPV" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Im1LT0kwRjJSRmRRRjFUSzQ2aVNWYWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidlA0WXc5cTNBTDVOT3dNdWJ4Ym5RV25kbDFrYU1TMklzQzFQeFQwRURaSkpCZCtNRWJVdys5NHlsanMyYmxxYXJzUmlIRTRFMHJDREx6a0w0aW1SdmpFYVpmZ25LQyt0eG9iczRwaFBzMDJqSFdncmY2OGFybXM2QmppVG9hUmwiLCJtYWMiOiIxNTBkNTk0MzlmNGYwYzYyNmE1MzJmMzAwNjZjMGVjNGZjOTYwZDE5Y2MzMGVlZWFmMDM5MTEzOTM1MzY2N2EwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Im1LT0kwRjJSRmRRRjFUSzQ2aVNWYWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidlA0WXc5cTNBTDVOT3dNdWJ4Ym5RV25kbDFrYU1TMklzQzFQeFQwRURaSkpCZCtNRWJVdys5NHl" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjFYdjJJZDNUVkV4MENzOG1YamlMSGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYTlLbTdmY283WUpsUUs4ZGJHS1AycGlFU1MwTHJVbHBmVEFNeGJGYkU3NkYzQlQxWmRjcHJ6SHRvVDhoNTFFWXdySjZPVHdVa2k4QnJ3c0o2KzU3S1prZnRBdVRja0JuRFNRYjVMVG03dCtiYUhTb1ozTTVzSHEvQ3Q2Z1ZESTkiLCJtYWMiOiIwNTc4NGNmYWE5MzA4YjdiZDUxNGY2Y2RmYWJhYzRjOTgxMWM5MjkxNmQ0ZjEzNDA3NWY3ZTU4ZWU3MmYzMzgxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 15:00:07 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjFYdjJJZDNUVkV4MENzOG1YamlMSGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYTlLbTdmY283WUpsUUs4ZGJHS1AycGlFU1MwTHJVbHBmVEFNeGJGYkU3NkYzQlQxWmRjcHJ6SHRvVDhoNTFFWXdySjZPV" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Im1LT0kwRjJSRmRRRjFUSzQ2aVNWYWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidlA0WXc5cTNBTDVOT3dNdWJ4Ym5RV25kbDFrYU1TMklzQzFQeFQwRURaSkpCZCtNRWJVdys5NHlsanMyYmxxYXJzUmlIRTRFMHJDREx6a0w0aW1SdmpFYVpmZ25LQyt0eG9iczRwaFBzMDJqSFdncmY2OGFybXM2QmppVG9hUmwiLCJtYWMiOiIxNTBkNTk0MzlmNGYwYzYyNmE1MzJmMzAwNjZjMGVjNGZjOTYwZDE5Y2MzMGVlZWFmMDM5MTEzOTM1MzY2N2EwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Im1LT0kwRjJSRmRRRjFUSzQ2aVNWYWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidlA0WXc5cTNBTDVOT3dNdWJ4Ym5RV25kbDFrYU1TMklzQzFQeFQwRURaSkpCZCtNRWJVdys5NHl" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "gLWMIoswrpITGGB0rQJhwLagq33kAug0Ugbk7t6T" "uc_cart_id" => "1981e48555fd4f53a9f6131066448137" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/18495" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 03:00:07GET/chapter/18495112192