Abstract
This chapter covers bottlenecks in various sustainable physio-chemical
processes including membrane filtration, activated carbon filtration, adsorption,
advanced oxidation processes, dissolved air floatation, coagulation-flocculation and
sedimentation, and electrocoagulation process for removing heavy metal ions, dyes,
and xenobiotics from the aquatic environment. The approach taken in this chapter is to
give a quick overview of each phase before focusing on the bottlenecks that these
processes face when it comes to removing metal ions and organic matter from
wastewater. Performance, cost, and sustainability criteria for sustainable wastewater
treatment technologies are also covered in this chapter for each process.