Nano Materials Induced Removal of Textile Dyes from Waste Water

The Efficiency of a Few Potential Nanosystems as Dye Removers

Author(s): Diptonil Banerjee, Amit Kumar Sharma and Nirmalya Sankar Das

Pp: 267-301 (35)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815050295122010010

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

In the preceding section, we have discussed the basic characteristics of nanomaterials, their properties, as well as the basic science behind the fact that nanomaterials behave differently from their bulk form. The discussion has also been done regarding the basic features of different microscopes and their working principle. We now have an idea regarding the features of different textile dyes, their toxicity, classifications, and properties. Not only that, the two main ways, like catalysis and adsorption, that help remove dyes from water have also been discussed. We are also now familiar with the basic structures and properties of a few effective dye removers like carbon nanostructure, oxides, and others. As a continuation of all the previous discussions, this chapter deals with the efficiencies/performances of a few potential materials in removing different textile dyes from water. This chapter considers mainly the performance of materials in removing dyes through catalysis and adsorption. We have taken only those materials whose structures and properties we have discussed in the preceding section. The results related to the performance of materials in removing different dyes from water have been taken from outside literature as well as from our own experimental results. It has been shown that the dye removing efficiency of the materials depends upon the material itself, its structure, surface area, porosity as well as numbers of effective adsorption sites.

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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314566706 and j.to_ip >=314566706 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739835000 and j.to_date >= 1739835000 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 18064) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314566706 and j.to_ip >=314566706 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739835000 and j.to_date >= 1739835000 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 18064) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314566706 and j.to_ip >=314566706 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739835000 and j.to_date >= 1739835000 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 18064)
      650μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3423 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739835000 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739835000 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.06msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3423
      • 3: 1739835000
      • 4: 1739835000
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='bf918a52932ec4560b29f79646beb531'
      230μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        2WZBPTImB6WTInlPwWEgsMaP4xVJeJh9uyPNut39
        uc_cart_id
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        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/18064" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/18064
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Iks2d2NoVUdvaUN5ai9wdnliNHlORnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSjZINnpIOFhKVk80bE1TL2duL0R6WnMxOTV2K1Fwd1FwNkM1N0ZwemdEVT0iLCJtYWMiOiJlMThjMjMwNTliOGZlOWJkZGUzZDM3NWY5ODQ3MTUzMzU5MjY0NmUzYTQ5MWQzOTQ5NTRjMWEyZmQ1ZmJjNjVjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Iks2d2NoVUdvaUN5ai9wdnliNHlORnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSjZINnpIOFhKVk80bE1TL2duL0R6WnMxOTV2K1Fwd1FwNkM1N0ZwemdEVT0iLCJtYWMiOiJlMThjMjMwNTliOGZl" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mon, 17 Feb 2025 23:30:00 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InhlUE5udmdDaDcrU0N6aEVjbEQ1dGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiKzZGZFptemUyeGZxN0RhYzhKK1FMV2NUKzNIazJIUElFV0ZIUHdkdUF6YmVJbkZIdGh0RDZRTFNoSlc3VUswOGJkWEVRRFlCQXpyWng2M0QzbkcyWmhhamxJbmZCN2FBZXFFUHRYcC8zVEJTUXdaajREdlpZNkk2RHAxc3k1bWQiLCJtYWMiOiIzNmM4YTliZDAxZWEzMDEwN2E0Mzc5MTA3N2I3YjEyMDkyZWI0NjRjZWQ0MjMyNWE3ZTU4OTYwYzM1NGViZGNhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 11:30:00 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InhlUE5udmdDaDcrU0N6aEVjbEQ1dGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiKzZGZFptemUyeGZxN0RhYzhKK1FMV2NUKzNIazJIUElFV0ZIUHdkdUF6YmVJbkZIdGh0RDZRTFNoSlc3VUswOGJkWEVRR" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImtYUjA1NndGSFM5Ry9qUGJMYzJNbnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRjY5M3YxWk1ja0gxMURoc3c1WHlod1RQMjJXbjBYblhkWXl0b3FFd3k1dG9pQ28vOVJiZlNpN1FYaTJoUm40NEh0MFFpaVpYcU9qL1RmTmRsbFJucm1BbUtjT3JKQjgzMFJaWXdrWGx1ODJ5SFQzV1dHaFFTTzhCU2c2THBic2kiLCJtYWMiOiJhYjU2ZDdiYTlhY2RlOGE4M2I5YWI4NDI3NTJlMDc0Y2UxZDFkYWIwMGE1MmRiMmRmZDBmNGEwMDVlMjAxODQ4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImtYUjA1NndGSFM5Ry9qUGJMYzJNbnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRjY5M3YxWk1ja0gxMURoc3c1WHlod1RQMjJXbjBYblhkWXl0b3FFd3k1dG9pQ28vOVJiZlNpN1F" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InhlUE5udmdDaDcrU0N6aEVjbEQ1dGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiKzZGZFptemUyeGZxN0RhYzhKK1FMV2NUKzNIazJIUElFV0ZIUHdkdUF6YmVJbkZIdGh0RDZRTFNoSlc3VUswOGJkWEVRRFlCQXpyWng2M0QzbkcyWmhhamxJbmZCN2FBZXFFUHRYcC8zVEJTUXdaajREdlpZNkk2RHAxc3k1bWQiLCJtYWMiOiIzNmM4YTliZDAxZWEzMDEwN2E0Mzc5MTA3N2I3YjEyMDkyZWI0NjRjZWQ0MjMyNWE3ZTU4OTYwYzM1NGViZGNhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 11:30:00 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InhlUE5udmdDaDcrU0N6aEVjbEQ1dGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiKzZGZFptemUyeGZxN0RhYzhKK1FMV2NUKzNIazJIUElFV0ZIUHdkdUF6YmVJbkZIdGh0RDZRTFNoSlc3VUswOGJkWEVRR" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImtYUjA1NndGSFM5Ry9qUGJMYzJNbnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRjY5M3YxWk1ja0gxMURoc3c1WHlod1RQMjJXbjBYblhkWXl0b3FFd3k1dG9pQ28vOVJiZlNpN1FYaTJoUm40NEh0MFFpaVpYcU9qL1RmTmRsbFJucm1BbUtjT3JKQjgzMFJaWXdrWGx1ODJ5SFQzV1dHaFFTTzhCU2c2THBic2kiLCJtYWMiOiJhYjU2ZDdiYTlhY2RlOGE4M2I5YWI4NDI3NTJlMDc0Y2UxZDFkYWIwMGE1MmRiMmRmZDBmNGEwMDVlMjAxODQ4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImtYUjA1NndGSFM5Ry9qUGJMYzJNbnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRjY5M3YxWk1ja0gxMURoc3c1WHlod1RQMjJXbjBYblhkWXl0b3FFd3k1dG9pQ28vOVJiZlNpN1F" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "2WZBPTImB6WTInlPwWEgsMaP4xVJeJh9uyPNut39" "uc_cart_id" => "bf918a52932ec4560b29f79646beb531" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/18064" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-17 23:30:00GET/chapter/18064112192