Modern Occupational Diseases Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Management and Prevention

Coal Workers Pneumoconiosis

Author(s): Rafia Zulfikar* and John E. Parker

Pp: 74-103 (30)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815049138122010009

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Coal Worker’s Pneumoconiosis (CWP) was thought to be an archaic disease, but after an initial decline because of the Coal Mine Health and Safety Act in 1969, there has been a resurgence of this disease in the 21st century. For centuries, miners have been exposed to varied types and degrees of coal mine dust. Lung diseases in coal miners are caused by the inhalation, retention, and tissue reaction to the mixed constituents of this dust, which include carbon, silica, and silicates. Respirable dust particles of less than 5 microns are deposited in the proximal and distal airways and the smaller particles are deposited in the alveoli. The tissue reaction to these particles results in a variety of pathologic lesions, including coal macules, silicotic nodules, mixed dust pneumoconiosis, interstitial fibrosis, progressive massive fibrosis, bronchitis, and emphysema. These disorders are recognized primarily through occupational exposure history and characteristic radiographic imaging. With a latency of approximately 20 years, cumulative lifetime exposures appear to be most predictive of the disease severity. Prevention of these diseases should be the primary focus of the industry, the workforce, and the public health agencies. In the US, federal programs of screening and surveillance are in place and active. The treatment of these disorders as with other chronic respiratory conditions, is focused on vaccinations against respiratory infection, bronchodilator therapy when indicated, supplemental oxygen therapy when required, pulmonary rehabilitation programs, smoking cessation, vigilant observation for chronic respiratory infections, and if necessary, lung transplantation should be considered as the last resort.


Keywords: Antifibrotics, Black Lung, CMDLD, CWP, ILO, Lung transplantation, NIOSH, PMF, Pneumoconiosis, Prevention, Pulmonary rehabilitation, Resurgence, Sea coal, Vaccinations.

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      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 58953283 and j.to_ip >=58953283 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834717 and j.to_date >= 1739834717 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 17824) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 58953283 and j.to_ip >=58953283 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834717 and j.to_date >= 1739834717 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 17824) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 58953283 and j.to_ip >=58953283 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834717 and j.to_date >= 1739834717 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 17824)
      690μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3407 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739834717 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739834717 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.2msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3407
      • 3: 1739834717
      • 4: 1739834717
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='bf4f8487f3df37d0cdb9c184e15159c6'
      250μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    14Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        bYxwOffiw8XYqUMmCm2NmFur2CFFuFWYvrMaRiTn
        uc_cart_id
        bf4f8487f3df37d0cdb9c184e15159c6
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/17824" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/17824
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
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        response_headers
        0 of 0
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        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-17 23:25:17GET/chapter/178241121916