Applications of Nanomaterials in Energy Storage and Electronics

Metal Oxide Based Nanocomposites for Solar Energy Harvesting

Author(s): K. Prabakaran*, P.J. Jandas and Jingting Luo

Pp: 104-118 (15)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815050714122030009

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

In recent years, the development of industrialization and the increasing population has increased energy consumption across the globe. So, there is a need for green and sustainable energy generation from solar cells with greater efficiency. Photovoltaic (PV) technology with improved performance is going to be a gamechanger in resolving the energy crisis in an eco-friendly and more sustainable manner. Widely used silicon (Si) based PVs are relatively expensive due to strong requirements for the high purity of crystalline semiconductors. The Si wafer cost covers 50% of the total cost of the align="center"module. In this regard, metal oxidebased semiconductors are stable and environment-friendly materials that are used in photovoltaics as photoelectrodes in dye solar cells (DSCs), quantum dot sensitized solar cells, and build metal oxide p–n junctions. This chapter comprehensively discusses the most recent progress in metal oxide semiconductors in alternative type solar cells, in particular dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). 


Keywords: Bandgap, Dye-sensitized solar cells, Efficiency, Electron mobility, Metal oxides, Nanorod and nanotube, Photoanode, Semiconductor.

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      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:238
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      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316524867 and j.to_ip >=316524867 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739971769 and j.to_date >= 1739971769 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 17525) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316524867 and j.to_ip >=316524867 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739971769 and j.to_date >= 1739971769 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 17525) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316524867 and j.to_ip >=316524867 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739971769 and j.to_date >= 1739971769 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 17525)
      1.03msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3386 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739971769 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739971769 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.58msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3386
      • 3: 1739971769
      • 4: 1739971769
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='38251965c5a098e26f6c122e0d69fed1'
      310μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    8Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        8qZLxoCEc0JIlVVb5vadXOz2K0DNkF7leQ0rprdj
        uc_cart_id
        38251965c5a098e26f6c122e0d69fed1
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/17525" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/17525
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IklEL3RNNGlGODc5UXQwWXBpUGp4REE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMVJCd3h6cUEvTnluMjQ4c3YyTmY2Q3Z3MHRwSlhoNXpUeFlmYnNiaVEwND0iLCJtYWMiOiJkMmY3ZmY4OTZlZjVkMTg5ZWIyZmMyODJmZDc1YTc1ODU4ODg3MzIzMjBlMTBlNmFkMTZlNWNmYTcxNjU4OTcyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IklEL3RNNGlGODc5UXQwWXBpUGp4REE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMVJCd3h6cUEvTnluMjQ4c3YyTmY2Q3Z3MHRwSlhoNXpUeFlmYnNiaVEwND0iLCJtYWMiOiJkMmY3ZmY4OTZlZjVk" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Wed, 19 Feb 2025 13:29:29 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImxiZ1Q5YVR2d3AyTldlSXgvMEVPNWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVjQ1M1VhSFg3VnRhclM3QWlzeDc2U1grYWY1cVVpMitGZnROTEE3MFBzbkNReVhSZUJmNEpMMCs5WWJCK0NSeDNVYkZsWGZQWHg2YVpISHRTeDJHN05od09DamdFRFhZNnp2aTY4TTJqOXBlbmtjeksrTDNSRVhWSGdHQnJwYzMiLCJtYWMiOiIzMWQ5MmUxYTQ2MmIxMmI1MDc1OTk1MWI2OGE2M2IzNmY2OTgyODZlZTk5MzdmMmUyOTVlNzMwYmU1ZTdmMjUyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sat, 22 Feb 2025 01:29:30 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImxiZ1Q5YVR2d3AyTldlSXgvMEVPNWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVjQ1M1VhSFg3VnRhclM3QWlzeDc2U1grYWY1cVVpMitGZnROTEE3MFBzbkNReVhSZUJmNEpMMCs5WWJCK0NSeDNVYkZsW" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkJCUERGMXhleXdLRzgzbXM0RFdxbFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTlFKYjVnYUZQRTlkZENTWHgzUUl0OWJZSTcvaVREMFdKazVsdjJZVnRHTEZ5d2h3cktEcEpEL0JzUE4wcmI0ditHcGsrSGtnUWo0dUcybWI1OGlxcTZ0U1B0ZFpSYTh6UWhPU2tqUG1oQ3JITXN2V3JEYXZ2UlRiNm1JZFZSQ20iLCJtYWMiOiI3NjU3NzI1NGI2YmRkMzlkMDQ4ZDljMzJjOTE5YzE0YWExODNhZjhmNzFmZjJiNmJhYTk5ZWY1YWVhYzFlN2U2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkJCUERGMXhleXdLRzgzbXM0RFdxbFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTlFKYjVnYUZQRTlkZENTWHgzUUl0OWJZSTcvaVREMFdKazVsdjJZVnRHTEZ5d2h3cktEcEpEL0J" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImxiZ1Q5YVR2d3AyTldlSXgvMEVPNWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVjQ1M1VhSFg3VnRhclM3QWlzeDc2U1grYWY1cVVpMitGZnROTEE3MFBzbkNReVhSZUJmNEpMMCs5WWJCK0NSeDNVYkZsWGZQWHg2YVpISHRTeDJHN05od09DamdFRFhZNnp2aTY4TTJqOXBlbmtjeksrTDNSRVhWSGdHQnJwYzMiLCJtYWMiOiIzMWQ5MmUxYTQ2MmIxMmI1MDc1OTk1MWI2OGE2M2IzNmY2OTgyODZlZTk5MzdmMmUyOTVlNzMwYmU1ZTdmMjUyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sat, 22-Feb-2025 01:29:30 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImxiZ1Q5YVR2d3AyTldlSXgvMEVPNWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVjQ1M1VhSFg3VnRhclM3QWlzeDc2U1grYWY1cVVpMitGZnROTEE3MFBzbkNReVhSZUJmNEpMMCs5WWJCK0NSeDNVYkZsW" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkJCUERGMXhleXdLRzgzbXM0RFdxbFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTlFKYjVnYUZQRTlkZENTWHgzUUl0OWJZSTcvaVREMFdKazVsdjJZVnRHTEZ5d2h3cktEcEpEL0JzUE4wcmI0ditHcGsrSGtnUWo0dUcybWI1OGlxcTZ0U1B0ZFpSYTh6UWhPU2tqUG1oQ3JITXN2V3JEYXZ2UlRiNm1JZFZSQ20iLCJtYWMiOiI3NjU3NzI1NGI2YmRkMzlkMDQ4ZDljMzJjOTE5YzE0YWExODNhZjhmNzFmZjJiNmJhYTk5ZWY1YWVhYzFlN2U2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkJCUERGMXhleXdLRzgzbXM0RFdxbFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTlFKYjVnYUZQRTlkZENTWHgzUUl0OWJZSTcvaVREMFdKazVsdjJZVnRHTEZ5d2h3cktEcEpEL0J" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "8qZLxoCEc0JIlVVb5vadXOz2K0DNkF7leQ0rprdj" "uc_cart_id" => "38251965c5a098e26f6c122e0d69fed1" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/17525" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-19 13:29:30GET/chapter/175251121910