Applications of Nanomaterials in Energy Storage and Electronics

Carbon Nano-Onions: Synthesis, Properties and Electrochemical Applications

Author(s): Jeotikanta Mohapatra*, Arijit Mitra and J. Ping Liu

Pp: 39-60 (22)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815050714122030006

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Carbon nano-onions (CNOs) or multilayered fullerenes have received considerable attention in diversified research areas such as supercapacitors, fuel cells, batteries, photovoltaics, and biosensors due to their unique physicochemical, optical, catalytic, and electronic properties. These structures were first observed in 1992, and ever since, a considerable amount of research on their physical properties and development of CNOs based supercapacitors and sensors has been successfully witnessed. CNOs are prepared via different experimental techniques, and their structural and physical properties often rely upon the fabrication process or parameters. This chapter presents an overview of different methods that have been adapted to prepare CNOs and their novel properties with a focus on the fundamental curvature morphology effects. A comprehensive discussion on the potential applications, citing recent research, is provided. The challenges and the potential directions of CNOs-based materials with an eye to develop highly efficient and long-term stable CNOs-based energy storage devices and sensors are also addressed.


Keywords: Anode materials, Carbon nano-onions, Carbon nanomaterials, Fullerenes, Flame-assisted synthesis, Glucose sensors, Immunosensors, Lithiumion batteries, Raman spectra of CNOs, Supercapacitor electrodes

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 58766425 and j.to_ip >=58766425 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739971031 and j.to_date >= 1739971031 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 17522) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 58766425 and j.to_ip >=58766425 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739971031 and j.to_date >= 1739971031 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 17522) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 58766425 and j.to_ip >=58766425 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739971031 and j.to_date >= 1739971031 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 17522)
      600μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3386 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739971031 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739971031 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.46msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3386
      • 3: 1739971031
      • 4: 1739971031
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='24f9bde4b8c39b1838c32e9f768a462e'
      270μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    10Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        NS9LtBRDEnel2OMGCTknaC4ulihMG9QRQqQCvpeJ
        uc_cart_id
        24f9bde4b8c39b1838c32e9f768a462e
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/17522" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/17522
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Imw5NnhoNjlzOHUzSEdrUVBKVWJqSVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZ2xXZ01STmhSeUVDOUJEOFd5NGZXUmlHWGdWK3dEQ0trQkF4RXVrcjJCTT0iLCJtYWMiOiJjNTBmMWEyYzhmZWFiZWUxNmViY2ZjNDMyZWZkYjBlOGQ3YmQ1NDJkNzdjYmFmYTcyNzExNjliMTJiMzA0MDkzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Imw5NnhoNjlzOHUzSEdrUVBKVWJqSVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZ2xXZ01STmhSeUVDOUJEOFd5NGZXUmlHWGdWK3dEQ0trQkF4RXVrcjJCTT0iLCJtYWMiOiJjNTBmMWEyYzhmZWFi" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Wed, 19 Feb 2025 13:17:11 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkZ6TGRScTBjN1BMMDFRdkF3RUx0R2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaSs2OTFmS0dDVHlxL1FPM0NITmRZWXEwaU12OU9xWEZWK3oxM1k2WWUyYTJzcXVESVo1UHZLNWR6aWJwRU9tVU9XOEVYTnV3ZVpzOUxaZENna2pMQjlZd3NKOEdkUEJVN1Y1SVdmWG1LbmpDbWV6cHBQa0ludWNoSkVtZk5NdkQiLCJtYWMiOiJmYjk5ZDVkYjc3YTJkOTg2NDczMWU1MDE1MzBiNzc5OGFiMzM3MjkxMDM3ZWMwNTI0ZTI1NjljNmU4ZWM5NWJhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sat, 22 Feb 2025 01:17:11 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkZ6TGRScTBjN1BMMDFRdkF3RUx0R2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaSs2OTFmS0dDVHlxL1FPM0NITmRZWXEwaU12OU9xWEZWK3oxM1k2WWUyYTJzcXVESVo1UHZLNWR6aWJwRU9tVU9XOEVYT" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ii9VaUhnczVwMHFrb2o1NFg3bkt1a0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTk9wdXUvcGtJSDFlWUk0WHVHUVlPRnFqcitwY0hVRFV1RGx1d2lzM0FXc3JiMGQzZU8wbGZHYzFzcFZOSTRCVUYwSUVoNGZ1eEI4OU5SMVU3dDV4Z25TZTdCb2J1NWVOK3RZRHdEYVFOQnVGL0ExQlZ2b04wR2NWd3lFTk1pV3EiLCJtYWMiOiI1YmFlYzIwNmU0ZjQwNDIxMTkwNWIyODVlMzNmZTRkOGUxNDFmY2VmZTMyOTczZDljZjAzYTgyMThlYjJiNWJiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ii9VaUhnczVwMHFrb2o1NFg3bkt1a0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTk9wdXUvcGtJSDFlWUk0WHVHUVlPRnFqcitwY0hVRFV1RGx1d2lzM0FXc3JiMGQzZU8wbGZHYzF" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkZ6TGRScTBjN1BMMDFRdkF3RUx0R2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaSs2OTFmS0dDVHlxL1FPM0NITmRZWXEwaU12OU9xWEZWK3oxM1k2WWUyYTJzcXVESVo1UHZLNWR6aWJwRU9tVU9XOEVYTnV3ZVpzOUxaZENna2pMQjlZd3NKOEdkUEJVN1Y1SVdmWG1LbmpDbWV6cHBQa0ludWNoSkVtZk5NdkQiLCJtYWMiOiJmYjk5ZDVkYjc3YTJkOTg2NDczMWU1MDE1MzBiNzc5OGFiMzM3MjkxMDM3ZWMwNTI0ZTI1NjljNmU4ZWM5NWJhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sat, 22-Feb-2025 01:17:11 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkZ6TGRScTBjN1BMMDFRdkF3RUx0R2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaSs2OTFmS0dDVHlxL1FPM0NITmRZWXEwaU12OU9xWEZWK3oxM1k2WWUyYTJzcXVESVo1UHZLNWR6aWJwRU9tVU9XOEVYT" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ii9VaUhnczVwMHFrb2o1NFg3bkt1a0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTk9wdXUvcGtJSDFlWUk0WHVHUVlPRnFqcitwY0hVRFV1RGx1d2lzM0FXc3JiMGQzZU8wbGZHYzFzcFZOSTRCVUYwSUVoNGZ1eEI4OU5SMVU3dDV4Z25TZTdCb2J1NWVOK3RZRHdEYVFOQnVGL0ExQlZ2b04wR2NWd3lFTk1pV3EiLCJtYWMiOiI1YmFlYzIwNmU0ZjQwNDIxMTkwNWIyODVlMzNmZTRkOGUxNDFmY2VmZTMyOTczZDljZjAzYTgyMThlYjJiNWJiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ii9VaUhnczVwMHFrb2o1NFg3bkt1a0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTk9wdXUvcGtJSDFlWUk0WHVHUVlPRnFqcitwY0hVRFV1RGx1d2lzM0FXc3JiMGQzZU8wbGZHYzF" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "NS9LtBRDEnel2OMGCTknaC4ulihMG9QRQqQCvpeJ" "uc_cart_id" => "24f9bde4b8c39b1838c32e9f768a462e" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/17522" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-19 13:17:11GET/chapter/175221121912