Current Developments in the Detection and Control of Multi Drug Resistance

Molecular Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance and New Targets to Address Current Drug Resistance

Author(s): Divyapriya Karthikeyan, Sudhir Kumar Pal, Mukesh Kumar, Kali Kishore Reddy Tetala, Punit Kaur and Sanjit Kumar * .

Pp: 89-125 (37)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815049879122010011

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

 Penicillin discovery has put forward great expectations and hope for the treatment of several infectious diseases. Inappropriate and excess use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant (AMR) worldwide, which has become one of the greatest threats to global health. However, in the late 1940s, after approval, mass production (lead to reduced cost) and supply (lead to easy access to all people) led to the emergence of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). A similar behavioral pattern ensued as other classes of antibiotics were discovered (through increasing utilization to resistance). Substandard infection control practices in public healthcare settings eased the spread and transmission of resistant organisms and intensified antimicrobials' effect. The healthcare community responded with two major programs – Infection Control in the 1980s and Antimicrobial Stewardship (in the last decade). These programs depend on the end-user; however, while the importance of such global control and prevention programs cannot be disputed, these efforts alone are insufficient against the advent of AMR. Also, drug discovery has suffered from a shortage of exploitable bacterial target sites, leading to the slow evolution of novel potent drugs. 


Keywords: Antibiotics, Antimicrobials, Antimicrobial resistance, Colistinresistant, ESKAPE organism, Pan-resistant bacteria, Superbugs.

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      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51413955 and j.to_ip >=51413955 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834837 and j.to_date >= 1739834837 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 17353) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51413955 and j.to_ip >=51413955 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834837 and j.to_date >= 1739834837 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 17353) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51413955 and j.to_ip >=51413955 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834837 and j.to_date >= 1739834837 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 17353)
      520μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3372 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739834837 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739834837 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.04msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3372
      • 3: 1739834837
      • 4: 1739834837
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='04b0b2d5ec25af491c956cda88f6c6e6'
      220μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    7Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        bieGpH83QmTII5T24HLqyyULxNArnD225JB7ZvYn
        uc_cart_id
        04b0b2d5ec25af491c956cda88f6c6e6
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/17353" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/17353
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
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        response_headers
        0 of 0
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        session_attributes
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        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-17 23:27:17GET/chapter/17353112199