Breast Cancer: Current Trends in Molecular Research

Epigenetics of Breast Cancer

Author(s): Manuraj Pandey*, Archana Lalwani and Rajendra Mehta

Pp: 139-170 (32)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681089522112010010

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

 Breast cancer is a very heterogeneous disease at clinical, histological, and molecular levels. It is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women. Breast cancer is manageable if diagnosed early at a localized stage, but late diagnosis of metastatic disease has a very low patient survival rate. Further, limited treatment options, insufficient prognostic and diagnostic markers, misdiagnosis and drug resistance pose a greater problem for patient survival and clinical outcome. Consequently, there is a great need to explore newer and more effective diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic options for managing breast cancer. It is now a well-known fact that along with genetic changes, epigenetic modifications play an important role in the origin and pathogenesis of breast cancer. Universal involvement of epigenetic modifications in breast cancer development makes them useful for diagnosis, prognosis, and follow-up purposes. Further, the reversibility of epigenetic changes makes them attractive targets for breast cancer therapy. Therefore, in this chapter, we will discuss current knowledge on epigenetic involvement in the development of breast cancer and epi drugs as treatment options for breast cancer management.


Keywords: DNA methylation, Epigenetics, Histone deacetylases , Methyltransferases , microRNAs

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873346344 and j.to_ip >=873346344 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834800 and j.to_date >= 1739834800 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 17276) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873346344 and j.to_ip >=873346344 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834800 and j.to_date >= 1739834800 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 17276) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873346344 and j.to_ip >=873346344 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834800 and j.to_date >= 1739834800 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 17276)
      710μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3367 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739834800 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739834800 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.03msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3367
      • 3: 1739834800
      • 4: 1739834800
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='76505e6b0b3b53dc656a808183c361ad'
      170μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    5Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        n6GucE1tcGaaXu2EqsBA6N92BPBiSxfzZALNTXgv
        uc_cart_id
        76505e6b0b3b53dc656a808183c361ad
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/17276" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/17276
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6ImF1MEVhckxnb0FzTGxnRzdFVzJuREE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiR0dUekZlMDBadmU0a3lpZ0J6SFMrQWhlZkZWQlBnMG9wVk1FUSswbzlQZHBiYzlLUVYxNURMUHJ4RFcrdFZjSCIsIm1hYyI6ImY0YmU3OWFjZGU3M2Q4MjFlYTdkN2QyMTI0ZDFhMTcxNjhhZjZlNjA2NTYwM2FlYTM3M2E1NjhkZDRiMTljOGUiLCJ0YWciOiIifQ%3D%3D; XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InYrZEZieVZoR2Zja0huZ2xhR2VDVHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoid21YdFlDTVdHcHNwcERYQmd2dnVLL29hTWRGUjhHYXVLNkJzTytKV0tqTHhPM0w1L1c3Ukwrc2dld1ZPbGUxQWZrelRSeXk0bnR6SGJlZGo0Vzl3UzY3NjNBK01pM1NmV1lSQjlEbHRMSUpUeHhnckN5dWdGQTZFUkdIN2Fid1QiLCJtYWMiOiJlMzYxZGNiZGEzZGZjYjQyYzJhMmU1YTNhYjViNDA3ZjQzMjQ4MWQ2NTlkMTdlNjU5MDcwOThhZDMzMWVlZDMzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IllTV1hlSFk3Y3RQQ0ozZ0FRYXRGMFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiV0p4dm5GSitBK041bEVKMVlENC9ZNVIyNkk1cDNyNytVK29Ed3d6b2RyaTJUWWYwSXdLUlcwNExrZEV1S1ZONDJYSm1lVk5vY0hGTXlDYjR4a2dWYkp0WmdnTG5hVEc3ckRSS3pDUFB1QTFFOTh6WnBPK2RiYWV5bWZBRTFrS00iLCJtYWMiOiI0M2ExZTA4ZTkyYmYyOGFmY2RlNTdiNmMwMjk0MGFhZWU3YjRlZmExMDE1NDAwZTllNjRiNjA0NmIzMjliYzExIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6ImF1MEVhckxnb0FzTGxnRzdFVzJuREE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiR0dUekZlMDBadmU0a3lpZ0J6SFMrQWhlZkZWQlBnMG9wVk1FUSswbzlQZHBiYzlLUVYxNURMUHJ4RFcrdFZjSCIs" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
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        response_headers
        0 of 0
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        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "n6GucE1tcGaaXu2EqsBA6N92BPBiSxfzZALNTXgv" "uc_cart_id" => "76505e6b0b3b53dc656a808183c361ad" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/17276" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-17 23:26:40GET/chapter/17276112197