An Epidemiological Update on COVID -19

Lung Recruitability in COVID-19

Author(s): K. Priadharsini, D. Manikandan, Sajeer Koolath, G.Rajasekhar Reddy and S.U. Mohammed Riyaz * .

Pp: 49-54 (6)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815050325122010010

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

In December 2019, a new infectious respiratory disease emerged in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. A novel coronavirus, SARS-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), shows features that were similar to that SARS-CoV. Soon it was believed to have caused a new lung disease later on known as COVID-19. Originally, the susceptible index patient was asymptomatic and later was confirmed as COVID positive with fever, cough, and sore throat-like symptoms. Later the index patient symptoms rapidly severed along with a high respiratory rate. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is associated with lung injury, while acute respiratory distress syndrome may result in a pulmonary failure resulting in mortality. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) soon captured the world's attention due to its capacity to widespread fatality leading to the failure of the healthcare system across the globe. It was also revleaed by the researchers that both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV exhibited the same features while making their entry into the host cells. They made use of host angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) for their entry into the host. This enzyme is present on the host cell surface, especially in epithelial cells of respiratory organs like lungs and small intestine in humans. From the accumulated existing published data, it is obvious that the SARS-CoV-2 employs two ways for making its entry into the host cells: one path is initiated by transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) that lies on the surface of the cell while the other is mediated by angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2) endosomal pathway. On the other hand, Cholesterol and sphingolipid-rich lipid raft, and micro-domains in the plasma membrane that are used as several physiological signalling pathways, are also involved in virus entry.This chapter aims at briefly evaluating the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV and new antiviral drugs against the disease.


Keywords: ACE2, Endocytic entry, SARS-CoV-2, TMPRSS2.

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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51399716 and j.to_ip >=51399716 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834607 and j.to_date >= 1739834607 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 17243) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51399716 and j.to_ip >=51399716 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834607 and j.to_date >= 1739834607 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 17243) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51399716 and j.to_ip >=51399716 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834607 and j.to_date >= 1739834607 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 17243)
      520μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3364 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739834607 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739834607 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.05msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3364
      • 3: 1739834607
      • 4: 1739834607
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='cd40582b2150d48a8a658460c1d80c2a'
      200μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    4Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        zsArVsQ96x6peanjLpSpbWfXRbeEg3z1jNafbREp
        uc_cart_id
        cd40582b2150d48a8a658460c1d80c2a
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/17243" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/17243
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
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        response_headers
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        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-17 23:23:27GET/chapter/17243112196