Parasitic Weeds of Jordan: Species, Hosts, Distribution and Management

Volume: 1

Mistletoes (Viscum spp.)

Author(s): Jamal Ragheb Said Qasem

Pp: 213-265 (53)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681088778122020010

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Mistletoes include two main groups of Viscum and Loranthus species. Both are stem hemiparasites attacking different species of fruit and forestry trees and certain woody ornamentals. These parasites are green plants that have chlorophyll and can do photosynthesis. Viscum belongs to the family Viscaceae in the sandalwood order (Santalales) distributed in the tropics, North Temperate Zone and in tropical, sub-tropical and Mediterranean climatic regions in Jordan. Mistletoe has confusion in the taxonomy of Loranthus (Family Loranthaceae) and Viscum (Family Viscaceae) (Steuber, undated). Sometimes Viscum spp. is referred to as the dwarf mistletoes to distinguish them from the genus Loranthus. However, both genera are perennial leafy mistletoes of 6-7 years life span, morphologically and taxonomically related in which sometimes included under Viscaceae and similar in parasitic habit and in the form of host plants they attack. They mostly occur in the tropics, and their families are most primitive contain tree or bush-like plants. The mistletoe (Viscum and allied genera), family Viscaceae, are referring to those shrubby, parasitic cousins of sandalwood (Santalum album).

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314566706 and j.to_ip >=314566706 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739835010 and j.to_date >= 1739835010 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 17139) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314566706 and j.to_ip >=314566706 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739835010 and j.to_date >= 1739835010 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 17139) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314566706 and j.to_ip >=314566706 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739835010 and j.to_date >= 1739835010 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 17139)
      680μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3357 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739835010 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739835010 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.08msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3357
      • 3: 1739835010
      • 4: 1739835010
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='2b0855ab220b16f1d54b0e08aff78fd1'
      280μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        wyOystid2ZYVkLiVmjT1khVyI4Jc7k8ua7GauRuC
        uc_cart_id
        2b0855ab220b16f1d54b0e08aff78fd1
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/17139" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/17139
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
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        response_headers
        0 of 0
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        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "wyOystid2ZYVkLiVmjT1khVyI4Jc7k8ua7GauRuC" "uc_cart_id" => "2b0855ab220b16f1d54b0e08aff78fd1" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/17139" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-17 23:30:10GET/chapter/17139112192