Parasitic Weeds of Jordan: Species, Hosts, Distribution and Management

Volume: 1

Dodders (Cuscuta spp.)

Author(s): Jamal Ragheb Said Qasem

Pp: 1-144 (144)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681088778122020008

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Dodders (Cuscuta spp.) are holo-parasites, usually annuals, or perennials under certain conditions. They are members of the morning glory family (Convolvulaceae) in old references that include Cuscuta, Convolvulus and Ipomoea and of dodder family (Cuscutaceae) in the more recent publications. Cuscuta is a yellow or orange plant, twinged with purple or red color sometimes but generally white. The stems can be very thin and thread like or relatively stout. However, all Cuscuta species are herbaceous vines with twining, slender, pale stems, with reduced, scale-like leaves, and have no roots. Plants have no or merely low amounts of chlorophyll, and usually do not have a photosynthetic activity (Hibberd et al., 1998; Garcia et al., 2014) or may be placed as intermediate between hemi- and holoparastic conditions (Nickrent and Muselman, 2004) hence some species show residual photosynthesis (Dawson et al., 1994; Hibberd at al., 1998) and have thus been designated as cryptically photosynthetic (Funk et al., 2007; McNeal et al., 2007a, b). All Cuscuta species are fully dependent on host plants to complete their life cycle, and therefore regarded as obligate holoparasites. Cuscuta spp. are the most problematic parasitic weeds in agriculture in the semi-humid and semiarid areas of Africa and Asia (Sauberborn, 1994). They are nearly cosmopolitan, occurring in a wide range of habitats and hosts with a high number of species in the Americas (Yuncker, 1932; Hunziker, 1950; Mabberley, 1997; Stefanović et al., 2007). Their wide geographical distribution and host range make them among the most damaging parasitic weeds worldover (Ashton and Santana, 1976; Holm et al., 1997). Damage can ultimately lead to total destruction and death of the host plants. The genus Cuscuta comprises some 200 species (Costea, 2007), usually grouped in three subgenera; Monogyna, Cuscuta and Grammica. Molecular studies on subgenera Grammica and Cuscuta, delimit major clades within these groups. Differences in seed morphology between these subgenera were reported. Seed exostructure features supported the subgeneric classification based on exosomorpholigical (vague term) characters (Kim et al., 2000). However, the sequences used were unalienable among subgenera, preventing the phylogenetic comparison across the genus (García et al., 2014). A new phylogenetic classification proposed by Costea et al. (2015) placed 194 accepted species of Cuscuta into four subgenera and 18 sections. While only 10–15 of these species are considered economically important pests (Parker and Riches, 1993; Costea, 2007), their broad geographical distribution and host ranges contribute to impacts on a wide range of agricultural cropping systems (Dawson et al. 1994; Costea and Tardif, 2006). Cuscuta spp. are not host-specific, although they show a wide variation in their host ranges. Severe infestations can stunt, smother and kill host plants, cause severe yield and stand reductions. The worldwide plant species that are commonly parasitized by certain parasitic genera, including Cuscuta spp. were thoroughly reviewed and documented (Qasem, 2006). Cuscuta spp. parasitize many wild and cultivated plant species. They are destructive to certain high-value crops and particularly troublesome where alfalfa, clover, and onion are grown for seeds (Ristau, 2001; Swift, 2001). Some species can parasitize a wide range of host of herbaceous and woody plants, while others may be more host restricted (Qasem, 2006). Cuscuta’s successful parasitism depends critically on efficient host-location mechanisms, as the free-living seedlings of these vine-growing species (Lyshede, 1985; Koch et al.,2004; Furuhashi et al., 2011) and, being obligate parasites, must rapidly make an attachment to a susceptible host before exhausting their limited stored food (Lanini and Kogan, 2005; Costea and Tardif, 2006).Lyshede (1985) indicated that host plants less than about three weeks old seem not to be attacked by Cuscuta seedlings.

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      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316440840 and j.to_ip >=316440840 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834605 and j.to_date >= 1739834605 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 17137) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316440840 and j.to_ip >=316440840 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834605 and j.to_date >= 1739834605 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 17137) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316440840 and j.to_ip >=316440840 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834605 and j.to_date >= 1739834605 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 17137)
      650μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3357 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739834605 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739834605 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.08msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3357
      • 3: 1739834605
      • 4: 1739834605
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='fa563767813f58d9a0498b002687e8ad'
      230μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        oUVlSMCu7FppYWiprvlu9LOywDNRtQZh5WOsylGz
        uc_cart_id
        fa563767813f58d9a0498b002687e8ad
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/17137" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/17137
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
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        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-17 23:23:25GET/chapter/17137112192