Lumbar Spine

Lumbar Endoscopy: Historical Perspectives, Present & Future

Author(s): Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski*, Jin-Sung Kim, Friedrich Tieber and Anthony Yeung

Pp: 1-26 (26)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815051537122020003

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Endoscopy of the lumbar spine has traditionally found much broader adoption than those endoscopic procedures of other areas of the spine. Initially, a herniated disc was the target of endoscopic spine surgery techniques. Stenosis indications were later identified as technological advancements permitted. Many endoscopic spinal surgeries commenced in the domain of interventional pain management. Lasers and radiofrequency were applied to some of the procedures that nowadays are aided by direct videoendsocopic visualization of the painful pathology. In this chapter, the authors briefly reviewed the history of spinal endoscopy and its key opinion leaders. Giving credit to the most prominent pioneers of this fast-moving field sets the stage for what the reader is about to discover in this most-up-to-date publication: Contemporary Spinal Endoscopy: Lumbar Spine.


Keywords: Lumbar spine, disc herniation, stenosis, impingement, degeneration, decompression, open, minimally invasive, endoscopic, historical considerations, lasers, radiofrequency

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59142107 and j.to_ip >=59142107 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739987855 and j.to_date >= 1739987855 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 16842) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59142107 and j.to_ip >=59142107 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739987855 and j.to_date >= 1739987855 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 16842) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59142107 and j.to_ip >=59142107 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739987855 and j.to_date >= 1739987855 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 16842)
      590μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3335 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739987855 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739987855 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.21msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3335
      • 3: 1739987855
      • 4: 1739987855
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='869a9d5dcb25e67a0197abb0d97b4b1f'
      250μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    12Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        ePot3QixkZH2DRQjvNe167QqTnPq56PblmqEiqn7
        uc_cart_id
        869a9d5dcb25e67a0197abb0d97b4b1f
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/16842" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/16842
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Wed, 19 Feb 2025 17:57:35 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImZiT1Z3aytmZ2NoQXdNVDNtOVRDM1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicEZDSTlQWG1oSkp1L2lRVTA5SHBocDVpdDc1V2d0a1ZmdkNQdnNBbUJnQkUyMTNRWHkzYTgrZ2RranIwVDdYRm5ZTEh0VURJSHA2aW1RU3JUSzdEd0FZeDRzMWhNTzkreXg4ZjlmSWYxRlFEakd0YnhvRTBYR1ZKU2ZnVVJMdGoiLCJtYWMiOiJmZGM3ZDcxN2UwYmU1NmY1ZWQ0YjlkNzE3ZDY3YjgwYzA0YjhjOTdmYWZmN2E1YWMxZDRlZjk3NmI1MGUxOWNkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sat, 22 Feb 2025 05:57:35 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImZiT1Z3aytmZ2NoQXdNVDNtOVRDM1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicEZDSTlQWG1oSkp1L2lRVTA5SHBocDVpdDc1V2d0a1ZmdkNQdnNBbUJnQkUyMTNRWHkzYTgrZ2RranIwVDdYRm5ZTEh0V" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlBLS09HczIza2M2N2ZXeVVwN1pNOGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTXQvOS9vdWxoOFYzQWFEeUwxYVpLckR4cnRtSzFFdW9vSEVkWXFjWkZPRjZwcXJ3QlZQWE5ubnFnYWVGclpYeGoxRlJjdHd1ZlhWUHppVlFwdVlzc3VJNlJ5MkNUaVR0U1o4cmtJZGpTblcvR3pnVW5pMzg4cnYyaGtSbndla2MiLCJtYWMiOiI4ZWRjZjY1MGQxMmIwOWQwZjY5ZjEyOGM4NTFlNTY2NWIwMzRhZWFkMTdhMGI4YjFkMDMyYzI0MTBkZWYxNTdjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlBLS09HczIza2M2N2ZXeVVwN1pNOGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTXQvOS9vdWxoOFYzQWFEeUwxYVpLckR4cnRtSzFFdW9vSEVkWXFjWkZPRjZwcXJ3QlZQWE5ubnF" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImZiT1Z3aytmZ2NoQXdNVDNtOVRDM1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicEZDSTlQWG1oSkp1L2lRVTA5SHBocDVpdDc1V2d0a1ZmdkNQdnNBbUJnQkUyMTNRWHkzYTgrZ2RranIwVDdYRm5ZTEh0VURJSHA2aW1RU3JUSzdEd0FZeDRzMWhNTzkreXg4ZjlmSWYxRlFEakd0YnhvRTBYR1ZKU2ZnVVJMdGoiLCJtYWMiOiJmZGM3ZDcxN2UwYmU1NmY1ZWQ0YjlkNzE3ZDY3YjgwYzA0YjhjOTdmYWZmN2E1YWMxZDRlZjk3NmI1MGUxOWNkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sat, 22-Feb-2025 05:57:35 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImZiT1Z3aytmZ2NoQXdNVDNtOVRDM1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicEZDSTlQWG1oSkp1L2lRVTA5SHBocDVpdDc1V2d0a1ZmdkNQdnNBbUJnQkUyMTNRWHkzYTgrZ2RranIwVDdYRm5ZTEh0V" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlBLS09HczIza2M2N2ZXeVVwN1pNOGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTXQvOS9vdWxoOFYzQWFEeUwxYVpLckR4cnRtSzFFdW9vSEVkWXFjWkZPRjZwcXJ3QlZQWE5ubnFnYWVGclpYeGoxRlJjdHd1ZlhWUHppVlFwdVlzc3VJNlJ5MkNUaVR0U1o4cmtJZGpTblcvR3pnVW5pMzg4cnYyaGtSbndla2MiLCJtYWMiOiI4ZWRjZjY1MGQxMmIwOWQwZjY5ZjEyOGM4NTFlNTY2NWIwMzRhZWFkMTdhMGI4YjFkMDMyYzI0MTBkZWYxNTdjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlBLS09HczIza2M2N2ZXeVVwN1pNOGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTXQvOS9vdWxoOFYzQWFEeUwxYVpLckR4cnRtSzFFdW9vSEVkWXFjWkZPRjZwcXJ3QlZQWE5ubnF" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "ePot3QixkZH2DRQjvNe167QqTnPq56PblmqEiqn7" "uc_cart_id" => "869a9d5dcb25e67a0197abb0d97b4b1f" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/16842" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-19 17:57:35GET/chapter/168421121914