Frontiers in Natural Product Chemistry

Volume: 9

Propolis and its Key Chemical Constituents: A Promising Natural Product in Therapeutic Applications

Author(s): Harshad S. Kapare, Sadhana S. Raut and L. Sathiyanarayanan * .

Pp: 1-27 (27)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815040586122090003

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Propolis is a natural resinous and waxy product obtained from honey bee
combs. Although propolis has been now explored globally for its wide range of
chemical constituents and its therapeutic value, the detailed investigation of
pharmacological activities of its key chemical constituents and its analogues is in its
infancy. In this study, a detailed review of the therapeutic potential of propolis and its
isolated key chemical constituents was carried out to provide basic literature data
required for further detailed investigation and discover new therapeutic potential
molecules from propolis. Till now, more than 300 isolated chemical compounds are
reported from worldwide propolis samples that include the presence of various
polyphenols, flavonoids, esters, beta-steroids, aromatic aldehydes, alcohols, etc. Some
specific chemical constituents of propolis, such as pinocembrin, are reported for its
potential neuroprotective action with reduced neurodegeneration in the cerebral cortex
and enhanced cognitive function in Aβ25-35-treated mice. Galangin is also well proven
for acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition and AβPP-Selective BACE inhibitor
(ASBI), which may be developed as a new therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease.
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester is reported as a moiety isolated from European propolis; it
is present even in the form of a mixture of caffeic acid esters and phenethyl ester for
antibacterial and antifungal properties. In vitro and in vivo evidence suggested that
caffeic acid phenethyl ester has cytotoxic mechanisms, including the activation of
p21protein, p38 MAPK, p53, and JNK kinase activity, inhibition of NF-B, and
increased caspase-3 or 7 activity. Various pharmacological activities are reported for
different propolis extracts, as well as for its constituents that include antioxidant, antiulcer,
anti-cancer, antiviral, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, etc. Propolis
possesses tremendous therapeutic potential, and it is also reported worldwide in various
traditional systems of medicine. In this study, the key chemical constituents,
pharmacological activities, various critical issues in its application in drug delivery, and
detailed investigation on approaches for formulation development to enhance
biopharmaceutical aspects of propolis have been reviewed.


Keywords: Cytotoxicity, Flavonoids, Neuroprotection, Polyphenols, Propolis.

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      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316595041 and j.to_ip >=316595041 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848213 and j.to_date >= 1739848213 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 16623) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316595041 and j.to_ip >=316595041 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848213 and j.to_date >= 1739848213 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 16623) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316595041 and j.to_ip >=316595041 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848213 and j.to_date >= 1739848213 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 16623)
      920μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3316 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739848213 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739848213 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.58msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3316
      • 3: 1739848213
      • 4: 1739848213
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='57127deeb040d0e24b367f5eaef13851'
      240μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    5Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        DOPqfMlUlDuU4UJER3aURF5XxzCU1g3WQTL6xUfR
        uc_cart_id
        57127deeb040d0e24b367f5eaef13851
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/8857" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/16623
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
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        response_headers
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        session_attributes
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        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 03:10:13GET/chapter/16623112197