Nanotherapeutics for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Nanotherapeutics for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Author(s): Kishor Mazumder*, Md. Emran Hossain and Asma Aktar

Pp: 219-247 (29)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815039740122010007

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Currently, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of
mortality among cancerous diseases. It is a primary type of liver cancer possessing
unique features like solid malignant tumor type growth, leaky vasculature, and
angiogenesis. The success of conventional treatment in the management of HCC is
constrained due to unresponsiveness to particular approaches, drug resistance, systemic
side effects, and recurrence of malignancy. The development of nanotherapeutics offers
an impending key for overcoming these challenges. Nanotherapeutics utilizes
nanosized or nanostructured materials to attain particular therapeutic and
pharmacokinetic purposes. The diverse targeting strategies and site-specific drug
release patterns of this approach enlighten the hope for effective management of HCC.
Scientists have developed several nanomaterials like nanoparticles, nanogel, and
liposomes to deliver chemotherapeutic agents specifically to HCC sites with improved
efficacy, safety, and selectivity. Active targeting has remained most common and
effective in HCC management among active, passive, and stimuli-responsive targeting
strategies. Hopefully, some nanoformulations for HCC treatment have proved their
promising effects in clinical trials. In this chapter, an attempt is made to illustrate the
overview of HCC, the impact of nanotherapeutics, along with recent developments,
suitability, and challenges of various nanotherapeutic approaches for HCC
management.


Keywords: Chemotherapy, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Nanomedicine, Nanoparticles, Primary cancer, Nanotheranostic, Selectivity, Targeting.

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      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51739267 and j.to_ip >=51739267 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739987804 and j.to_date >= 1739987804 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 16544) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51739267 and j.to_ip >=51739267 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739987804 and j.to_date >= 1739987804 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 16544) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51739267 and j.to_ip >=51739267 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739987804 and j.to_date >= 1739987804 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 16544)
      540μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3312 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739987804 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739987804 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.05msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3312
      • 3: 1739987804
      • 4: 1739987804
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='7984819f03aab049df302e48f78e06e0'
      190μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    8Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        jo4VZosqjX8gVu0KogQrzCwwSoF8NjKPW1MhaYrw
        uc_cart_id
        7984819f03aab049df302e48f78e06e0
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/16544" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/16544
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
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        response_headers
        0 of 0
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        session_attributes
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        array:5 [ "_token" => "jo4VZosqjX8gVu0KogQrzCwwSoF8NjKPW1MhaYrw" "uc_cart_id" => "7984819f03aab049df302e48f78e06e0" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/16544" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-19 17:56:44GET/chapter/165441121910