Voltammetry for Sensing Applications

Voltammetric Applications in Drug Detection: Mini Review

Author(s): G. Krishnaswamy*, G. Shivaraja, S. Sreenivasa* and Aruna Kumar D. B

Pp: 281-305 (25)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815039719122010013

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The application of electroanalytical techniques plays a very important role in
the field of medicinal and pharmaceutical research. These techniques have been
routinely used by analytical, inorganic, organic physical as well as biological chemists.
In recent years the various voltammetric methods such as Differential pulse
voltammetry, Cyclic voltammetry, Linear sweep voltammetry, Square wave
voltammetry, Stripping voltammetry etc have gained enormous attention for the
determination of different classes of drugs. Electroanalytical techniques gain supreme
importance over other techniques in terms of the quantization of trace and ultra-trace
components of biological fluids as well as pharmaceutical substances. Therefore, these
techniques are alternative in detection and analysis due to their sensitivity,
reproducibility and selectivity in terms of qualitative as well as quantitative aspects of
the analyte under investigation. The present review focuses on the application of
various voltammetric techniques for the analysis of analgesics, antibiotics,
anthelmintic, anti-tubercular and anticancer drugs covering the period from 2015 to
present.


Keywords: Analgesics, Anthelmintics, Antibiotic, Anticancer, Antitubercular, Cyclic voltammetry, Drug detection, Electroanalytical techniques.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51491093 and j.to_ip >=51491093 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847810 and j.to_date >= 1739847810 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 16403) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51491093 and j.to_ip >=51491093 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847810 and j.to_date >= 1739847810 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 16403) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51491093 and j.to_ip >=51491093 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847810 and j.to_date >= 1739847810 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 16403)
      560μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3301 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739847810 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739847810 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.2msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3301
      • 3: 1739847810
      • 4: 1739847810
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='1d2cc2c811965019a0aefaf3b78b28eb'
      260μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    8Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        bdNqZR68Z6zqmZuuF75MKMCbaTzhehMxbiXnoz8L
        uc_cart_id
        1d2cc2c811965019a0aefaf3b78b28eb
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/16403" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/16403
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InRxeW56WFhUR2V4ZDVhTFQrWjU0bUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRWpDWEgxQnJ2Y1RTSW1TUnZZaWY3QnJYcjdjUXQxbDhiaHJCUnFUbWhHaz0iLCJtYWMiOiI4ZmIzN2NiNjhhYmJiMjk5YWIwMzRiOGYxMTg3YTE3NTkzMGI2N2QwODQ0NWFjYjc2NmEwZDQ4MGMzOTQyNTJiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InRxeW56WFhUR2V4ZDVhTFQrWjU0bUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRWpDWEgxQnJ2Y1RTSW1TUnZZaWY3QnJYcjdjUXQxbDhiaHJCUnFUbWhHaz0iLCJtYWMiOiI4ZmIzN2NiNjhhYmJi" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 18 Feb 2025 03:03:30 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlhieVJWZG5HZkdGU2RXSXlVRjZqMXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiV0cwT1dnakJmZjRqQnlGWkFBWWtMV3B6Y01vWExVWWJwUXdtYjlObldVa0YwNDMrU3FVczQ4cVNFUEZ0eXB1Z2x0TS9ualJINVZJWTY3NVh6dVl5cWIybHlYemkySkMwTGRGM3dSLzlkTUtNTStNMDY4ZXo4ZzJMSTUwbHpJeFMiLCJtYWMiOiIxYjI3ZmI4YzEzODA1ODYzNjk1YmRmZTdiODgyNWM4YTUyY2FmY2I5MjNiOTU3NjFmMjA0ZTQ0YTQ0YmJhYWFlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 15:03:30 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlhieVJWZG5HZkdGU2RXSXlVRjZqMXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiV0cwT1dnakJmZjRqQnlGWkFBWWtMV3B6Y01vWExVWWJwUXdtYjlObldVa0YwNDMrU3FVczQ4cVNFUEZ0eXB1Z2x0TS9ua" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImJsMU0wNG5LUmhYL0Q4UnEyRlhSN3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicitNeHVNYXlhSVR0bTdlNFlTSXZhK0Q2eWcyQjJoOExtK3NnWjg2eE4rYUplOU00cU5nTXYvVWNlNGhrdkVCenlsMWp4Zkc5Q1ltdVprRzlqM1NTckxXQytaOHFnYkhBbmJHNi9scSttVDBTY3BHcUtHaFNnT0toaTJabktnZHAiLCJtYWMiOiJjNTQzNjYzMDVmODA2YzNiMDUyMDhmMGI1ZjI0MzIyNTE0ZTMyZTg5MjVlM2Y1YWJhZTBlZWYzZDRjYzg0ZWI5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImJsMU0wNG5LUmhYL0Q4UnEyRlhSN3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicitNeHVNYXlhSVR0bTdlNFlTSXZhK0Q2eWcyQjJoOExtK3NnWjg2eE4rYUplOU00cU5nTXYvVWN" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlhieVJWZG5HZkdGU2RXSXlVRjZqMXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiV0cwT1dnakJmZjRqQnlGWkFBWWtMV3B6Y01vWExVWWJwUXdtYjlObldVa0YwNDMrU3FVczQ4cVNFUEZ0eXB1Z2x0TS9ualJINVZJWTY3NVh6dVl5cWIybHlYemkySkMwTGRGM3dSLzlkTUtNTStNMDY4ZXo4ZzJMSTUwbHpJeFMiLCJtYWMiOiIxYjI3ZmI4YzEzODA1ODYzNjk1YmRmZTdiODgyNWM4YTUyY2FmY2I5MjNiOTU3NjFmMjA0ZTQ0YTQ0YmJhYWFlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 15:03:30 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlhieVJWZG5HZkdGU2RXSXlVRjZqMXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiV0cwT1dnakJmZjRqQnlGWkFBWWtMV3B6Y01vWExVWWJwUXdtYjlObldVa0YwNDMrU3FVczQ4cVNFUEZ0eXB1Z2x0TS9ua" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImJsMU0wNG5LUmhYL0Q4UnEyRlhSN3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicitNeHVNYXlhSVR0bTdlNFlTSXZhK0Q2eWcyQjJoOExtK3NnWjg2eE4rYUplOU00cU5nTXYvVWNlNGhrdkVCenlsMWp4Zkc5Q1ltdVprRzlqM1NTckxXQytaOHFnYkhBbmJHNi9scSttVDBTY3BHcUtHaFNnT0toaTJabktnZHAiLCJtYWMiOiJjNTQzNjYzMDVmODA2YzNiMDUyMDhmMGI1ZjI0MzIyNTE0ZTMyZTg5MjVlM2Y1YWJhZTBlZWYzZDRjYzg0ZWI5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImJsMU0wNG5LUmhYL0Q4UnEyRlhSN3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicitNeHVNYXlhSVR0bTdlNFlTSXZhK0Q2eWcyQjJoOExtK3NnWjg2eE4rYUplOU00cU5nTXYvVWN" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "bdNqZR68Z6zqmZuuF75MKMCbaTzhehMxbiXnoz8L" "uc_cart_id" => "1d2cc2c811965019a0aefaf3b78b28eb" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/16403" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 03:03:30GET/chapter/164031121910