Voltammetry for Sensing Applications

Optimised Voltammetric Approaches for Clinical Sample Analysis

Author(s): Gnanesh Rao, Raghu Ningegowda, B. P. Nandeshwarappa, Kiran Kumar Mudnakudu-Nagaraju, M. B Siddesh and Sandeep Chandrashekharappa * .

Pp: 158-176 (19)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815039719122010008

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Extraordinary properties of nanomaterial lay a broad prospect for its
application in various fields. Biosensors are a kind of special sensor which consists of
biomolecule recognition element and transducer. Advances in biosensors with the use
of micro/ nanomaterials are capable of detecting and analyzing living and chemical
matter with high specificity, fastness, sensitivity, accuracy and low cost for the
determination of proteins, hormone, enzyme, nucleic acid and other biological
compounds in blood and urine samples. The basics of biosensors and optimized
approaches for voltammetric clinical analysis are studied in this chapter. Exosomes are
small extracellular vesicles (EV) involved in extracellular communication between
cells, and are recognized as potential markers of human health and diseases. An
extensive molecular characteristic comparison of the exosomal components of healthy
and disordered cells or tissues reveals the differences.
• Electrochemical approaches for the analysis of clinical samples are developing at an
incredible rate with advances in nanotubes and nanomaterials as biosensors.
• Exosomes play a crucial role in cell-to-cell communication in normal health and
disease. They are potential biomarkers exploited for emerging non-invasive diagnosis.
• CNT sensors are capable of precise quantitative and qualitative detection of analytes.


Keywords: Affinity biosensor, Clinical analyte, CNT, CPE, Enzymatic biosensor, Exosome, Immunosensor, Voltammetric biosensor.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59650778 and j.to_ip >=59650778 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847153 and j.to_date >= 1739847153 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 16398) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59650778 and j.to_ip >=59650778 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847153 and j.to_date >= 1739847153 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 16398) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59650778 and j.to_ip >=59650778 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847153 and j.to_date >= 1739847153 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 16398)
      740μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3301 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739847153 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739847153 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.06msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3301
      • 3: 1739847153
      • 4: 1739847153
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='e10cedf2feb2397fb4a7935ec8eefe04'
      190μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    8Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        UfLtM9CShpUQ53P6Q1nG1ZFJ1Z9nVBohk5oDCBgZ
        uc_cart_id
        e10cedf2feb2397fb4a7935ec8eefe04
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/16398" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/16398
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
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        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 02:52:33GET/chapter/163981121910