Voltammetry for Sensing Applications

A Modified Nanostructured Gd-WO3, Sensing Interface Morphology, their Voltammetric Determination and Applications in Advanced Energy Storage Devices

Author(s): Vinayak Adimule*, Basappa C. Yallur, Debdas Bhowmik and Santosh S. Nandi

Pp: 134-157 (24)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815039719122010007

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Perovskite electrodes can be a pertinent method to enhance electrochemical
voltammetric sensing performances. In the present research, GdxWO3 (x = 2, 5, 10 wt.
%) nanostructures (NS) are synthesized by a facile co-precipitation method, calcinated
at 750-800 °C and subsequently fabricated using electron beam deposition method over
glass substrate used for electrochemical voltammetric determination. Scanning electron
microscopy and X-ray diffraction were employed to examine the crystal phase and
morphology of the gadolinium doped nanostructures thus prepared. Surface chemical
composition, chemical bond analysis, dispersion of Gd into WO3 were confirmed by
XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectral) studies. SEM (scanning electron microscopy)
micrographs showed flake-like surface morphology can act as sensing interface for
facile transfer of electrons over NS of GdxWO3, and SEM cross section micrographs
revealed agglomerated densely packed rod like structure. Gdx WO3 nanostructure
showed ~ 89 nm grain, ~ 110 nm grain boundary distances, UV-visible absorptivity
maxima observed between 280 nm to 340 nm for Gdx WO3 NS. Electrochemical cyclic
voltammetry performance was tested in three electrodes assembled for high
performance energy storage applications, involving cyclic voltammetric charge
discharge cycles and sensing interface between fabricated NS, and cyclic voltammetry
carried out in 6M KOH solution. GdxWO3 demonstrates a specific capacitance of 450
F/g at a current density of 0.1 A/g. Gd-WO3 NS has a capacitance retention rate of
88.5% after 5,000 cycles (cyclic stability). Voltammetric characteristics indicate that
Gdx WO3 NS is a promising electrode material for energy storage devices and can be
used as high-performance super capacitor applications.


Keywords: Agglomeration, Charge-Discharge, Co precipitation, Cyclic stability, Cyclic Voltammetry, Electrochemical voltammetry, Energy storage devices, Gd- WO3, Inorganic Nanostructures, Morphology, Nanoparticles, Nanostructures, Sensing, SEM, Specific Capacitance, Super capacitor, Synthesis, UV-Visible, XRD, XPS.

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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314340157 and j.to_ip >=314340157 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847719 and j.to_date >= 1739847719 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 16397) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314340157 and j.to_ip >=314340157 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847719 and j.to_date >= 1739847719 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 16397) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314340157 and j.to_ip >=314340157 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847719 and j.to_date >= 1739847719 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 16397)
      920μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3301 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739847720 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739847720 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.13msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3301
      • 3: 1739847720
      • 4: 1739847720
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='4a4e6585cfa292d8869530025f72de4f'
      260μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    20Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        cycUPe4jYwWIQAKXOzSZE84SSWNQkyNAtKb4H7bW
        uc_cart_id
        4a4e6585cfa292d8869530025f72de4f
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/16397" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/16397
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IlhnZkRmUWE1K2MzUkt0WFVFMXFhWmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRldjU2hDNVBxSTRVbEJyS3ZaY2J5d1JEVmRhSU43akEyaDBzRHFYSjNjST0iLCJtYWMiOiIwMmNmNzAwODhlMzdjODJjNGU3YjcxYWM2OWViYTEwY2M2ODEyOTMzMWViZTA2NjJmYzMyNGNjZmM5ODE3ZDM3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IlhnZkRmUWE1K2MzUkt0WFVFMXFhWmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRldjU2hDNVBxSTRVbEJyS3ZaY2J5d1JEVmRhSU43akEyaDBzRHFYSjNjST0iLCJtYWMiOiIwMmNmNzAwODhlMzdj" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 18 Feb 2025 03:02:00 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkFxVUhrU1dITExrZ0Jhb29TOGljREE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoib3J1OUt6UlFlVXB1UkU2MnBjMVFlUkRML2Q0MzVBRC9tdmd6SVp1VlJ2WGQxVTJiZ3RjRDRjakJXRHFPMHpONGh1WG02THQwOHNvNitMYjlmQ2hYcHdSUENpbS9ETHpQY1Y1YTFwYUZnL1pXTkxQdTNMaXE5dmw0Mm1nOVM3YlMiLCJtYWMiOiI0MmEyNWUzODcxZmMwY2M4ZGZmOWZjYmY2OTExYTIxZmU0NjAzMTZkYzcyZGRmNDBiNTU4ZGNiMDcyNjFjZjg3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 15:02:00 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkFxVUhrU1dITExrZ0Jhb29TOGljREE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoib3J1OUt6UlFlVXB1UkU2MnBjMVFlUkRML2Q0MzVBRC9tdmd6SVp1VlJ2WGQxVTJiZ3RjRDRjakJXRHFPMHpONGh1WG02T" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkNLdk9jSTJLVVFiUGtzWmxtaUtnbUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiV1R2MmpTMWl0OUtYM1ZVTTFlU041cC94TzBVUytHSENRcmRkK0tOcVBVMjhPQUFZWU9qN204WlZRSldCSU93SnBWTkhwZE1zaGRkTUtIR1cyd0FQVjdmcktDSFhBcjU1alZkanNaWTRRRFAzQ1Jva2xUeUdaQmlQZk84RnE2MFoiLCJtYWMiOiIzNzU4OTIxZWEwYWEyNWY5ZmNkMDcwYTg0ZTFhYmNhYjE4ZDIxZDcyNDJhYWIxN2NiYjVhOWQxYzA0YzExNDM0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkNLdk9jSTJLVVFiUGtzWmxtaUtnbUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiV1R2MmpTMWl0OUtYM1ZVTTFlU041cC94TzBVUytHSENRcmRkK0tOcVBVMjhPQUFZWU9qN204WlZ" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkFxVUhrU1dITExrZ0Jhb29TOGljREE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoib3J1OUt6UlFlVXB1UkU2MnBjMVFlUkRML2Q0MzVBRC9tdmd6SVp1VlJ2WGQxVTJiZ3RjRDRjakJXRHFPMHpONGh1WG02THQwOHNvNitMYjlmQ2hYcHdSUENpbS9ETHpQY1Y1YTFwYUZnL1pXTkxQdTNMaXE5dmw0Mm1nOVM3YlMiLCJtYWMiOiI0MmEyNWUzODcxZmMwY2M4ZGZmOWZjYmY2OTExYTIxZmU0NjAzMTZkYzcyZGRmNDBiNTU4ZGNiMDcyNjFjZjg3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 15:02:00 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkFxVUhrU1dITExrZ0Jhb29TOGljREE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoib3J1OUt6UlFlVXB1UkU2MnBjMVFlUkRML2Q0MzVBRC9tdmd6SVp1VlJ2WGQxVTJiZ3RjRDRjakJXRHFPMHpONGh1WG02T" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkNLdk9jSTJLVVFiUGtzWmxtaUtnbUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiV1R2MmpTMWl0OUtYM1ZVTTFlU041cC94TzBVUytHSENRcmRkK0tOcVBVMjhPQUFZWU9qN204WlZRSldCSU93SnBWTkhwZE1zaGRkTUtIR1cyd0FQVjdmcktDSFhBcjU1alZkanNaWTRRRFAzQ1Jva2xUeUdaQmlQZk84RnE2MFoiLCJtYWMiOiIzNzU4OTIxZWEwYWEyNWY5ZmNkMDcwYTg0ZTFhYmNhYjE4ZDIxZDcyNDJhYWIxN2NiYjVhOWQxYzA0YzExNDM0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkNLdk9jSTJLVVFiUGtzWmxtaUtnbUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiV1R2MmpTMWl0OUtYM1ZVTTFlU041cC94TzBVUytHSENRcmRkK0tOcVBVMjhPQUFZWU9qN204WlZ" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "cycUPe4jYwWIQAKXOzSZE84SSWNQkyNAtKb4H7bW" "uc_cart_id" => "4a4e6585cfa292d8869530025f72de4f" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/16397" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 03:02:00GET/chapter/163971121922