Combustion Synthesis: Novel Routes to Novel Materials

Spark Plasma Sintering

Author(s): Troy B. Holland, Amiya Muhkerjee

Pp: 175-194 (20)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805155711001010175

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The advent of so-called “spark plasma sintering” (SPS) has led to a large number of new materials systems, particularly in the realm of nanometric size scales. SPS is a non-equilibrium process usually consisting of directly applied pulsed dc currents and uniaxial pressing with heating rates typically from 100°C/min up to 1500°C/min. The resulting compacts have been found to achieve much smaller grains sizes, often less than 100nm, and higher densities than previously possible with conventional hot-pressing. The ability to produce compacts with diameters up to 75mm with such small grain sizes has produced a revolution in the testing of nanoscale behaviors, both mechanical and functional, that have been historically problematic to produce in even laboratory scale specimens. In this chapter we will cover the history, basic apparatus design, experimental constrains, and the benefits/mechanisms of using SPS techniques to produce novel material properties. These topics will cover metallic and ceramic materials systems, primarily having nanometric size scales. Particular emphasis will be focused on the experimental design in order to reduce the commonly encountered assumptions and caveats in producing SPS parts. Finally, the mechanisms by which SPS achieves its remarkable results will be discussed. These mechanisms, still largely disputed and ill-understood, are nevertheless critical in understanding and predicting the performance of a given material system in both consolidation and final use.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51413955 and j.to_ip >=51413955 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834837 and j.to_date >= 1739834837 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1630) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51413955 and j.to_ip >=51413955 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834837 and j.to_date >= 1739834837 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1630) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51413955 and j.to_ip >=51413955 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834837 and j.to_date >= 1739834837 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1630)
      520μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 907 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739834837 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739834837 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.03msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 907
      • 3: 1739834837
      • 4: 1739834837
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='04b0b2d5ec25af491c956cda88f6c6e6'
      190μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Keywords
    1Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        bieGpH83QmTII5T24HLqyyULxNArnD225JB7ZvYn
        uc_cart_id
        04b0b2d5ec25af491c956cda88f6c6e6
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/7549" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/1630
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
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        response_headers
        0 of 0
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        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "bieGpH83QmTII5T24HLqyyULxNArnD225JB7ZvYn" "uc_cart_id" => "04b0b2d5ec25af491c956cda88f6c6e6" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/7549" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-17 23:27:17GET/chapter/1630112193