Combustion Synthesis: Novel Routes to Novel Materials

Combustion Synthesis of Carbon-Encapsulated Nanoparticles

Author(s): Jolanta Borysiuk, Mateusz Szala, Agnieszka Grabias, Jacek Szczytko

Pp: 108-122 (15)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805155711001010108

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Synthesis of carbon encapsulated metal nanoparticles by rapid, thermally enhanced synthesis reactions (combustion) is reviewed. Both technical apparatus, the methods, and analysis of the fundamental issues are discussed. In technical issues, the sample preparation procedures with the particular emphasis on their structure and chemical composition is given. Various methods of the reaction ignition and control are assessed. The reaction post processing procedures with particular emphasis on the removal of the by-products is discussed. Different metals that can be encapsulated by the carbon graphite-like layers are mentioned and the reaction parameters are listed. Discussion of the fundamentals of combustion methods includes the principles of the processes, such as their thermodynamic basis, involving the temperature and pressure dependence resulting in different efficiency of the synthesis. The reaction products are characterized including grain size and structure, the crystallographic properties such different phases, change of chemical composition due to segregation, etc. The characterization techniques include the chemical analysis, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device magnetometer) magnetic measurements and Mossbauer Spectroscopy (in the case of Fe-containing samples). The combustion synthesis is critically compared with other methods. Possible applications in various branches of technology, medicine, environment protection and other areas are listed.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59694094 and j.to_ip >=59694094 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739835113 and j.to_date >= 1739835113 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1624) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59694094 and j.to_ip >=59694094 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739835113 and j.to_date >= 1739835113 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1624) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59694094 and j.to_ip >=59694094 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739835113 and j.to_date >= 1739835113 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1624)
      580μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 907 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739835113 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739835113 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.01msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 907
      • 3: 1739835113
      • 4: 1739835113
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='0d7bebdcfa6f5e7babaef0a42108c075'
      180μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Keywords
    1Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        iVc26PEOj8fN7dp0vZV46kFMr5y7dJeACOVNyGGH
        uc_cart_id
        0d7bebdcfa6f5e7babaef0a42108c075
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/22082" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/1624
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
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        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-17 23:31:53GET/chapter/1624112193