Thriving Across the Lifespan and Around the Globe: Day in the Life Visual Research Approach

Learning Through Imitation in Daily-Life at Home and School

Author(s): Monica Toselli, Giuliana Pinto* and Catherine Ann Cameron

Pp: 82-95 (14)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681088808121010013

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Imitation plays a pivotal cognitive and social role during human development and has been widely studied by developmental psychologists. However, researchers rarely follow children as they imitate in their natural social spaces, across different interactions over time, so core questions as to the quantity and quality of imitative behaviours in childhood have yet to be answered. This paper, adopting a quasi-ecological approach, examines the imitation enacted with two first-year primaryschool pupils (one male and one female) in the flow of their everyday interactions with family and schoolmates. The study is part of a broader interdisciplinary research programme, investigating the transition-to-school of children in diverse communities around the globe. Two Italian children were video-recorded during one Day in their Lives, at home and school. Our analysis draws upon this filmed naturalistic corpus. Our operational definition of imitation is: A behaviour that immediately replicates a modelled behaviour. We developed a data-driven interpretational grid for the different acts of imitation documented. The grid categorizes patterns of imitative acts, emerging over time, along six polar dimensions: From unintentional to intentional; spontaneous to requested; one-sided to reciprocal; exact to varied; already acquired to newly learned; and permitted to prohibited. Home and school contexts offered varied affordances for imitation and allowed documentation of how prevalent, multifaceted, and powerful imitation is across contexts and companions of primary-school children. Documentation of imitative behaviours in real-time and in ecological context sheds light on the import of imitation and its associated theoretical conceptualizations.


Keywords: Day in the Life, First Graders, Imitation.

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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51368230 and j.to_ip >=51368230 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834831 and j.to_date >= 1739834831 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 16177) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51368230 and j.to_ip >=51368230 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834831 and j.to_date >= 1739834831 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 16177) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51368230 and j.to_ip >=51368230 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834831 and j.to_date >= 1739834831 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 16177)
      570μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3282 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739834831 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739834831 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.06msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3282
      • 3: 1739834831
      • 4: 1739834831
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='dd8e9c76f339fe81aa5ff56d79804e67'
      270μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    3Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        rQOumzoYaQB7Pqt8pHUipA97Sbb1JeHwRH4MUvOX
        uc_cart_id
        dd8e9c76f339fe81aa5ff56d79804e67
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/16177" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/16177
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InFjYnovVzJyZ0xKUGYwUkRTL0RLYlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiY05qK3pJSDR6ZXhJNUVpNjc5OWh6MHdVUDlSMS9QOFMzdjc2UGhHb3pzUT0iLCJtYWMiOiJlMWIxNzU0NjU5ZTFiZGY2Yjg3MTIxZjI1ZDJiZjE0ODFhNWI5MGE4ZmQwNWVmMTFlM2IzNDc2YjQ2NWIyMmY1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InFjYnovVzJyZ0xKUGYwUkRTL0RLYlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiY05qK3pJSDR6ZXhJNUVpNjc5OWh6MHdVUDlSMS9QOFMzdjc2UGhHb3pzUT0iLCJtYWMiOiJlMWIxNzU0NjU5ZTFi" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mon, 17 Feb 2025 23:27:11 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImVUN1lwa2ZkUGhzLytnUDhFeTBpMGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYVVoV2loNjVsRXlLMnRCT2J5enQ2blVKMUFiUDVXY3FkanJ3VlUyR0xMekM3VDlqQS9WZG4wM1FtZGJjWWF3S0FXMmt4ZTZ3b3poUHZWZkt4M0s5T1VTWnA4MFFCdDdOOWF2Qm55NFBhL01GL3hqNUxic3E5SVo2TWlLK3VEdzkiLCJtYWMiOiIyM2U1ZTFhYzMxZGNjMjQ4YTk0MGMwM2ZjY2Y3YWExOGNmYTkxMzgyZGM0NDIxZTU1NTkwYThjNThkMzZhYTA5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 11:27:11 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImVUN1lwa2ZkUGhzLytnUDhFeTBpMGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYVVoV2loNjVsRXlLMnRCT2J5enQ2blVKMUFiUDVXY3FkanJ3VlUyR0xMekM3VDlqQS9WZG4wM1FtZGJjWWF3S0FXMmt4Z" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImpOejJBUWJYZUgrMSt3VFdpSXhDQUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVjRmanZqcUpGc2ZzOHkwenMwcVFxb1NRTVNBRnJrTDF4WUlCRDVISmJrd2dGZTZOdS9VUTRGWkszcGMxbmxGWHVkTGx1VXBJVUJpcFBjWG1YYmRhUDRvcStRRXhNWHR0WWNEVy9EWUV5Qkw2NEtINUxsWVNwbndKT3ovSjI2bmwiLCJtYWMiOiIxMjg4MDJiOWZkNGI4NDg4N2ExOGJkY2FiOWJjODlhZWIzZmQ4MWEyMWVhMmVhZGMzODVkZmFjZWRjYjJlYjRiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImpOejJBUWJYZUgrMSt3VFdpSXhDQUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVjRmanZqcUpGc2ZzOHkwenMwcVFxb1NRTVNBRnJrTDF4WUlCRDVISmJrd2dGZTZOdS9VUTRGWks" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImVUN1lwa2ZkUGhzLytnUDhFeTBpMGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYVVoV2loNjVsRXlLMnRCT2J5enQ2blVKMUFiUDVXY3FkanJ3VlUyR0xMekM3VDlqQS9WZG4wM1FtZGJjWWF3S0FXMmt4ZTZ3b3poUHZWZkt4M0s5T1VTWnA4MFFCdDdOOWF2Qm55NFBhL01GL3hqNUxic3E5SVo2TWlLK3VEdzkiLCJtYWMiOiIyM2U1ZTFhYzMxZGNjMjQ4YTk0MGMwM2ZjY2Y3YWExOGNmYTkxMzgyZGM0NDIxZTU1NTkwYThjNThkMzZhYTA5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 11:27:11 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImVUN1lwa2ZkUGhzLytnUDhFeTBpMGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYVVoV2loNjVsRXlLMnRCT2J5enQ2blVKMUFiUDVXY3FkanJ3VlUyR0xMekM3VDlqQS9WZG4wM1FtZGJjWWF3S0FXMmt4Z" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImpOejJBUWJYZUgrMSt3VFdpSXhDQUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVjRmanZqcUpGc2ZzOHkwenMwcVFxb1NRTVNBRnJrTDF4WUlCRDVISmJrd2dGZTZOdS9VUTRGWkszcGMxbmxGWHVkTGx1VXBJVUJpcFBjWG1YYmRhUDRvcStRRXhNWHR0WWNEVy9EWUV5Qkw2NEtINUxsWVNwbndKT3ovSjI2bmwiLCJtYWMiOiIxMjg4MDJiOWZkNGI4NDg4N2ExOGJkY2FiOWJjODlhZWIzZmQ4MWEyMWVhMmVhZGMzODVkZmFjZWRjYjJlYjRiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImpOejJBUWJYZUgrMSt3VFdpSXhDQUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVjRmanZqcUpGc2ZzOHkwenMwcVFxb1NRTVNBRnJrTDF4WUlCRDVISmJrd2dGZTZOdS9VUTRGWks" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "rQOumzoYaQB7Pqt8pHUipA97Sbb1JeHwRH4MUvOX" "uc_cart_id" => "dd8e9c76f339fe81aa5ff56d79804e67" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/16177" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-17 23:27:11GET/chapter/16177112195