Coronaviruses

Volume: 2

Molecular Pathogenesis of Human Coronaviruses of 21st Century

Author(s): Ruma Karmakar, Satya Vadlamani, Jyoti Verma, Sakshi Kumari and Maitreyi Syamala Rajala * .

Pp: 155-190 (36)

DOI: 10.2174/9789814998604121020009

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Coronaviruses affect both humans and animals, causing respiratory, enteric, hepatic, and neurological diseases. Until the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002, coronaviruses were known to cause very mild infections in humans. However, the ongoing novel coronavirus disease (COVID- 19) that emerged in December 2019 from Wuhan, Hubei province, China, is several folds critical than the disease caused by its predecessors, SARS and MERS coronaviruses of 2002 and 2012, respectively. The evidence shows that all the human coronaviruses of this century, including the ongoing pandemic SARS-CoV-2, were the result of zoonosis, crossing the animal species barrier, causing high morbidity and mortality in the human population. A large number of studies have provided an understanding of earlier SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV induced pathogenesis and host immune response. Immunopathogenesis of current SARS-CoV-2 has also been reported to a significant extent since its emergence. It is evident from the studies reported to date that all the above three human coronaviruses share similarities with respect to clinical symptoms caused, pathological conditions induced, and host immune response that leads to the disease progression to a larger extent. However, certain pathological features associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection are distinct and fatal from the features caused by the other two human coronaviruses. This chapter focuses on the studies related to immune response, molecular pathogenesis of all three human coronaviruses with an emphasis on SARS-CoV-2 and the immune evasion strategies stimulated by individual viral proteins and their driven mechanisms.


Keywords: ACE2, ARDS, COVID-19, Immune Evasion, Immune Response, MERS, Pathogenesis, Pneumonia, SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2.

Related Journals
Related Books
© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy
Request history8.2.27PHP Version209msRequest Duration26MBMemory UsageGET chapter/{id}/{param?}Route
  • warninglog[18:13:02] LOG.warning: Optional parameter $id declared before required parameter $request is implic...
  • Booting (116ms)time
  • Application (92.21ms)time
  • 1 x Booting (55.81%)
    116ms
    1 x Application (44.18%)
    92.21ms
    12 templates were rendered
    • ebook.chapter_detailschapter_details.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts.chapter_header_sectionchapter_header_section.blade.php#?blade
    • ebook.chapter_top_bannerchapter_top_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • ebook.chapter_bottom_bannerchapter_bottom_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • ebook.ebook_right_bannerebook_right_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.inc_related_journalsinc_related_journals.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.inc_related_ebooksinc_related_ebooks.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts.appapp.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._login_access_login_access.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._header_header.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._main_menu_main_menu.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._footer_menu_footer_menu.blade.php#?blade
    uri
    GET chapter/{id}/{param?}
    middleware
    web, check_user_access
    controller
    App\Http\Controllers\ChapterController@GetChapterDetails
    namespace
    App\Http\Controllers
    where
    as
    chapter
    file
    app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1350-1704
    19 statements were executed27.01ms
    • Connection Establishedalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#24
      Backtrace
      • 9. middleware::check_user_access:24
      • 10. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 11. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • INSERT INTO visitor_ip_address (ip_address,visitor_agent,visitor_count, created_on,updated_on) VALUES ('309684047','',1,1739988782,1739988782) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE visitor_count=visitor_count + 1, updated_on=1739988782
      980μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#24
      Backtrace
      • 11. middleware::check_user_access:24
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • INSERT INTO visitor_ip_address_detail (ip_address,visitor_url,visitor_count, created_on,updated_on) VALUES ('309684047','/chapter/16108',1,1739988782,1739988782)
      200μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#27
      Backtrace
      • 11. middleware::check_user_access:27
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_trail WHERE to_ip >= 309684047 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309684047) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 309684047 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309684047) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_token WHERE to_ip >= 309684047 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309684047) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_trail WHERE to_ip >= 309684047 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309684047) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 309684047 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309684047) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_token WHERE to_ip >= 309684047 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309684047) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_trail WHERE to_ip >= 309684047 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309684047) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 309684047 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309684047) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_token WHERE to_ip >= 309684047 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309684047) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_trail WHERE to_ip >= 309684047 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309684047) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 309684047 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309684047) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_token WHERE to_ip >= 309684047 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309684047) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_trail WHERE to_ip >= 309684047 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309684047) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 309684047 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309684047) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_token WHERE to_ip >= 309684047 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309684047) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_disease_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 309684047 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309684047) limit 1
      13.84msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#784
      Bindings
      • 0: 309684047
      • 1: 309684047
      • 2: 309684047
      • 3: 309684047
      • 4: 309684047
      • 5: 309684047
      • 6: 309684047
      • 7: 309684047
      • 8: 309684047
      • 9: 309684047
      • 10: 309684047
      • 11: 309684047
      • 12: 309684047
      • 13: 309684047
      • 14: 309684047
      • 15: 309684047
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:784
      • 15. middleware::check_user_access:114
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
    • select * from `chapter` where `chapter_id` = '16108' limit 1
      310μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ChapterController.php#1406
      Bindings
      • 0: 16108
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1406
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select CONCAT_WS(' ',au.first_name, ' ', ifnull(au.initials,''), ' ', au.last_name) as authors, CONCAT(au.last_name, IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.initials), ''), ' ', au.first_name) AS authorsRIS, CONCAT_WS(' ',au.last_name, ' ', ifnull(au.initials,''), ' ', au.first_name) as authorsCiteAs, CONCAT_WS(' ',au.first_name, IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.initials), ''), IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.last_name), '')) as authorsmodal , `au`.*, `af`.`ror_id`, `af`.`institution`, `af`.`department`, `af`.`country`, `af`.`city`, `af`.`address`, (GROUP_CONCAT(TRIM(BOTH ', ' FROM CONCAT(ifnull(concat(af.institution,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.department,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.address,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.city,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.country,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.postal_code,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.phone,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.fax,','),''))) SEPARATOR '|')) as `author_affiliation`, (GROUP_CONCAT(TRIM(BOTH ', ' FROM CONCAT(ifnull(concat(af.web_view,','),''))) SEPARATOR '|')) as `web_view` from `author` as `au` left join `author_affiliation` as `af` on `au`.`author_id` = `af`.`author_id` where `au`.`chapter_id` = '16108' group by `au`.`author_id` order by `au`.`article_id` asc, `au`.`sequence` asc
      2.14msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Author.php#86
      Bindings
      • 0: 16108
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Author.php:86
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1411
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `keywords` where `chapter_id` = '16108'
      700μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ChapterController.php#1415
      Bindings
      • 0: 16108
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1415
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select * from `ebook` where `ebook_id` = 857 limit 1
      300μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ChapterController.php#1430
      Bindings
      • 0: 857
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1430
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `subject_ebook` as `se` inner join `ebook` as `e` on `e`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `ebook_volume` as `v` on `v`.`ebook_id` = `e`.`ebook_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=857) and se.ebook_id!=857 and v.ebook_status='1'
      2.64msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#238
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:238
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1434
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select distinct v.nid as volume_id,e.nid,e.title,v.issn,v.eissn,v.isbn,v.eisbn,e.ebook_id, v.image_file_name,v.file_path,v.flyer_link,v.ebook_volume_id, v.volume_name,v.doi,v.year_id,v.introduction from `subject_ebook` as `se` inner join `ebook` as `e` on `e`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `ebook_volume` as `v` on `v`.`ebook_id` = `e`.`ebook_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=857) and se.ebook_id!=857 and v.ebook_status='1' limit 10 offset 0
      830μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#238
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:238
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1434
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `subject_journal` as `sj` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `sj`.`journal_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=857)
      450μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#255
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:255
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1435
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select distinct j.nid as journal_nid,j.title,j.subtitle,j.issn,j.eissn,j.keyword,sj.journal_id,j.image_file_name,j.flyer_link from `subject_journal` as `sj` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `sj`.`journal_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=857) limit 10 offset 0
      420μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#255
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:255
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1435
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select `e`.*, `a`.*, `y`.`year`, `e`.`ebook_volume_id` as `ebook_volume_id`, `a`.`ebook_volume_id` as `ebk_vol_id`, `e`.`ebook_id` as `ebk_ebook_id` from `ebook_volume` as `e` left join `author` as `a` on `e`.`ebook_volume_id` = `a`.`ebook_volume_id` left join `year` as `y` on `y`.`id` = `e`.`year_id` where `e`.`ebook_volume_id` = 3097 and `e`.`is_uploaded` = 1
      550μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022EbookVolume.php#271
      Bindings
      • 0: 3097
      • 1: 1
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/EbookVolume.php:271
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1438
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) rcd from `ebook_volume` where `ebook_id` = 857 and ebook_volume_id <> 3097 limit 1
      300μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022EbookVolume.php#999
      Bindings
      • 0: 857
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/EbookVolume.php:999
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1462
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from ebook_access where content_type_id = '16108' and content_type = 'c' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      350μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from ebook_access where content_type_id = '3097' and content_type = 'v' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      310μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"ebook_volume" as access_level,"" as chapter_id from `user_access_ebook_volume_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309684047 and j.to_ip >=309684047 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739988782 and j.to_date >= 1739988782 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 3097) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"ebook_volume" as access_level,"" as chapter_id from `user_access_ebook_volume_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309684047 and j.to_ip >=309684047 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739988782 and j.to_date >= 1739988782 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 3097) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"ebook_volume" as access_level,"" as chapter_id from `user_access_ebook_volume_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309684047 and j.to_ip >=309684047 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739988782 and j.to_date >= 1739988782 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 3097)
      640μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309684047 and j.to_ip >=309684047 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739988782 and j.to_date >= 1739988782 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 16108) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309684047 and j.to_ip >=309684047 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739988782 and j.to_date >= 1739988782 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 16108) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309684047 and j.to_ip >=309684047 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739988782 and j.to_date >= 1739988782 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 16108)
      690μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3097 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739988782 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739988782 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.13msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3097
      • 3: 1739988782
      • 4: 1739988782
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='9c9e59ab4ff56aa2161409824ceb1a03'
      230μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    10Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        3OWvdUah881aFHCs1OV3SOHLGUXYetVT640TcdUs
        uc_cart_id
        9c9e59ab4ff56aa2161409824ceb1a03
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/16108" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/16108
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IklvbGVyd2VpOVlsc3lGL3hrd2tjWEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibFU3UUc4V1FlWk1PMG0rRnh3T2dXbUFPa0tPQmx4c0FFbDVIWHp6Qk54YVM5Zzd3bGJiTW40S2JYbnNGOUs2SkUrYXE3aDBHc1A1bFpObHRVWStITXVocHJCMXZlZHc2Qm9BbUpTd1ZjaXdvN0Y4Z2xjVUEyTTFTam1GdmRzanQiLCJtYWMiOiIzN2QyZTljZmU1YjRhZWVjMmUyMjdlYjg2MjkzMGFiMzJjNzVkMDMzNzhlNzA3ZGM2Njc2NDM1MWU5NmJlNjdmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IitlYmJObkxYdm9WVTZnWTBHUVR2WkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWmlJZ1NKYjMrSnJvbDhvNllNaDlGYjNyekNCSmRyNWlYbS9pa3NWVE1EaTFSNlFPcWwybDBFanExQ1hEMXgzZHl1SGFIZ2tyakVPNnRVdjBpU212ZEVDajYwRmpwRFZnVUJqQkEyRE8yYWJWMlFvM240TE10L0xVcmM4R09hNEgiLCJtYWMiOiI1NGRkMmQ5ODJlNzVlNzA0YmY3MDY0ODUzMjRhZDJmZjE5YzRkMGQxN2QzMmE5MWQzNTczNmJkMjMxYzA4ZjNkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3DXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IklvbGVyd2VpOVlsc3lGL3hrd2tjWEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibFU3UUc4V1FlWk1PMG0rRnh3T2dXbUFPa0tPQmx4c0FFbDVIWHp6Qk54YVM5Zzd3bGJiTW40S2JYbnNGOUs2SkUrYXE3a" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:2 [ "XSRF-TOKEN" => "3OWvdUah881aFHCs1OV3SOHLGUXYetVT640TcdUs" "alphaeurekaselectnet_session" => "D5EZYNT3IbppEH8aMUgTPaAkRCNm0eVl6xanxl4k" ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Wed, 19 Feb 2025 18:13:02 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InJMZjg3cG5sRmdXTHVYbkl3azh6L3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNmk3MGZCY3A5YzFHeGVMY2gzSVFCRDVtODFYTVhMcmN5TUpMNVAyUHZwcndIeDB5aDZuNVpJWTFxTXVqazlxamdQL21LYUcyR2pnVTZKbnhGZDN5dWROL1lIN0ZJd05ldkM1SVVnSzhDM1VodjZ0OUtwUlhqYlh5UTlicjl0NXoiLCJtYWMiOiI1NTgxODc5MGU1YTg5OGE1ZDk4YjEyYTE3NzRiOTYxMzQ0NzkzMmFhMTgzZGU2NDkzMzY1MGQ5ZTBkMDdkMDM1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sat, 22 Feb 2025 06:13:02 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InJMZjg3cG5sRmdXTHVYbkl3azh6L3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNmk3MGZCY3A5YzFHeGVMY2gzSVFCRDVtODFYTVhMcmN5TUpMNVAyUHZwcndIeDB5aDZuNVpJWTFxTXVqazlxamdQL21LY" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Imk2c2dDbzlVemlDU29wZS9wU0pyc1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibzg2Sy9VWmxQN2RWZkxtZ2F2Y0REaXhSWWdmcU9wVUlDNExxdW0zUCtEQjRVdHo2VjVLZlVoTXhrNXYwWGVlS0FBN3ZDLzN3bWhrZVYyNWJuZ1RXY1BLbkxTdS93UVNTd3U4N3d1bHdLZHZiUHVmVmR1OFJaYjRkOElZUVN3eFYiLCJtYWMiOiIyOGIzODY4MmYxYjdiNWI0YTk2Yjc0NDg3ZDdmZmUxNjhmZTJmYTQyNzVmYzU5Yzk4ODIxMzBmMzBmNGE2YmYxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Imk2c2dDbzlVemlDU29wZS9wU0pyc1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibzg2Sy9VWmxQN2RWZkxtZ2F2Y0REaXhSWWdmcU9wVUlDNExxdW0zUCtEQjRVdHo2VjVLZlVoTXh" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InJMZjg3cG5sRmdXTHVYbkl3azh6L3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNmk3MGZCY3A5YzFHeGVMY2gzSVFCRDVtODFYTVhMcmN5TUpMNVAyUHZwcndIeDB5aDZuNVpJWTFxTXVqazlxamdQL21LYUcyR2pnVTZKbnhGZDN5dWROL1lIN0ZJd05ldkM1SVVnSzhDM1VodjZ0OUtwUlhqYlh5UTlicjl0NXoiLCJtYWMiOiI1NTgxODc5MGU1YTg5OGE1ZDk4YjEyYTE3NzRiOTYxMzQ0NzkzMmFhMTgzZGU2NDkzMzY1MGQ5ZTBkMDdkMDM1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sat, 22-Feb-2025 06:13:02 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InJMZjg3cG5sRmdXTHVYbkl3azh6L3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNmk3MGZCY3A5YzFHeGVMY2gzSVFCRDVtODFYTVhMcmN5TUpMNVAyUHZwcndIeDB5aDZuNVpJWTFxTXVqazlxamdQL21LY" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Imk2c2dDbzlVemlDU29wZS9wU0pyc1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibzg2Sy9VWmxQN2RWZkxtZ2F2Y0REaXhSWWdmcU9wVUlDNExxdW0zUCtEQjRVdHo2VjVLZlVoTXhrNXYwWGVlS0FBN3ZDLzN3bWhrZVYyNWJuZ1RXY1BLbkxTdS93UVNTd3U4N3d1bHdLZHZiUHVmVmR1OFJaYjRkOElZUVN3eFYiLCJtYWMiOiIyOGIzODY4MmYxYjdiNWI0YTk2Yjc0NDg3ZDdmZmUxNjhmZTJmYTQyNzVmYzU5Yzk4ODIxMzBmMzBmNGE2YmYxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Imk2c2dDbzlVemlDU29wZS9wU0pyc1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibzg2Sy9VWmxQN2RWZkxtZ2F2Y0REaXhSWWdmcU9wVUlDNExxdW0zUCtEQjRVdHo2VjVLZlVoTXh" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "3OWvdUah881aFHCs1OV3SOHLGUXYetVT640TcdUs" "uc_cart_id" => "9c9e59ab4ff56aa2161409824ceb1a03" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/16108" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-19 18:13:02GET/chapter/161081121912