Frontiers in Protein and Peptide Sciences

Volume: 2

Plant Molecular Farming for Human Therapeutics: Recent Advances and Future Prospects

Author(s): Amna Ramzan, Zainab Y. Sandhu, Saba Altaf, Aisha Tarar, Iqra Arshad, Sumera Rashid, Huma Shakoor, Rabia Abbas and Bushra Rashid * .

Pp: 267-297 (31)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815036663121020012

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Plant molecular farming (PMF) aims to develop plants that express and accumulate proteins of our interest in considerable quantities. Transgenic plants produce edible vaccines, antibodies, therapeutic proteins for human and animal health, and other recombinant proteins required for industrial purposes. Plant systems (PS) to produce pharmaceutical products are preferred over microbial and mammalian systems as they require less input to grow and produce higher biomass. Hence, a variety of proteins are synthesized by plants that are completely free from human pathogens and mammalian toxins. Additionally, they have immunity against infectious and other lifethreatening diseases such as cancer. In this review, plant-inferred therapeutic and nontherapeutic protein items that are in the position of clinical progression or commercialization are summarized. Available plant production platforms are also compared along with associated biosafety and regulatory issues. Further, plant transformation techniques are also analyzed for the development of genetically modified organisms in vaccine production. The use of PMF on a commercial scale is still a long way to go before it is achievable. New methods and techniques are needed to be developed to solve the problems of low yield, scalability, stability, and efficacy of the recombinant proteins, as well as biosafety and regulatory issues. Hence, this strategy will be the ultimate proposed solution to protect humans and animals from health threats in the future.


Keywords: Genetic transformation, Plant molecular farming, Pharmaceutical products, Plant systems, Recombinant Proteins, Transient Expression.

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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
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      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 221948497 and j.to_ip >=221948497 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847206 and j.to_date >= 1739847206 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 15998) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 221948497 and j.to_ip >=221948497 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847206 and j.to_date >= 1739847206 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 15998) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 221948497 and j.to_ip >=221948497 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847206 and j.to_date >= 1739847206 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 15998)
      670μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3159 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739847206 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739847206 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.11msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3159
      • 3: 1739847206
      • 4: 1739847206
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='2b979f2199c1f261dfdd1284669a1329'
      230μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    6Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        u24c9U4fMWAxKbrW5TxGZuPa97Fn5cXU6so2Hv0d
        uc_cart_id
        2b979f2199c1f261dfdd1284669a1329
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/15998" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/15998
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IkhVZ2hDd0x2dkJ2cHAyKzExdlJGRnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMzNyYWd6T2twLzF1K0RBUkREK1YzQ1lnMzJGQ0RyVXVFaFN4aGpENXFETT0iLCJtYWMiOiIwMjdjYWNjNDU5MzNhZDMzNjUyNWIxZGNiMDYwZmRjOGI4MTk2MDQwNGRlNDIwZmI4NTQ3YTU5MDNiMmY4NTdkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IkhVZ2hDd0x2dkJ2cHAyKzExdlJGRnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMzNyYWd6T2twLzF1K0RBUkREK1YzQ1lnMzJGQ0RyVXVFaFN4aGpENXFETT0iLCJtYWMiOiIwMjdjYWNjNDU5MzNh" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 18 Feb 2025 02:53:26 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImRLTk5JZ1lVZ1U4dnowdVIxYXpjV2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibTNjTFl4U1p5clIwUEhBeVBsMnk5bm1VdWxkd3Q2SEhMeVV4TFlQa1ZGUkVsTUY0WUNBVlpzUnVjNFY3QVFEMk9Nb01najIyTUg3R3djRTBKWG1JM0xZSjV5QmpuU0ZEbmM4Q2d4QWZPYjhTbENLbEM0dk5vekppOUEwTTRpc2UiLCJtYWMiOiJjODAyNDgyZGU3YmRlMDEyODFkOWIyMGVkNzEzYmVkNzk5MTg1ZGU3NTgzYmJiZmFlOGM2MGUyODY5YmI5ODdkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 14:53:26 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImRLTk5JZ1lVZ1U4dnowdVIxYXpjV2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibTNjTFl4U1p5clIwUEhBeVBsMnk5bm1VdWxkd3Q2SEhMeVV4TFlQa1ZGUkVsTUY0WUNBVlpzUnVjNFY3QVFEMk9Nb01na" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkpXY09lRUxiOWVMSjlNREdnbFAvWGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTWhVZHNlcXROWTVJRDNpQ0NuRUY3R3VQeHlnY3BPQldJQ3A5SDZKcjQwdWxEWDB3RTI2U0ZUL25rcmx1TGRTSjlyYUdSU3h0UTB4eTVyMnpXR3UyYzdsS3VYV1l3dkJnM3J3T3NJb1krVHJDRWNNbjlTWlJYUFptMTZTZWYwa3oiLCJtYWMiOiIwMjI4NjNkOTVlNmNiYzE5ZTcwZmY2YWI3Y2MyYzkwYmFmMTA1YThiYmI5YjBhNmY2MWRkMDI1ZmQ3MDIwYTk0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkpXY09lRUxiOWVMSjlNREdnbFAvWGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTWhVZHNlcXROWTVJRDNpQ0NuRUY3R3VQeHlnY3BPQldJQ3A5SDZKcjQwdWxEWDB3RTI2U0ZUL25" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImRLTk5JZ1lVZ1U4dnowdVIxYXpjV2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibTNjTFl4U1p5clIwUEhBeVBsMnk5bm1VdWxkd3Q2SEhMeVV4TFlQa1ZGUkVsTUY0WUNBVlpzUnVjNFY3QVFEMk9Nb01najIyTUg3R3djRTBKWG1JM0xZSjV5QmpuU0ZEbmM4Q2d4QWZPYjhTbENLbEM0dk5vekppOUEwTTRpc2UiLCJtYWMiOiJjODAyNDgyZGU3YmRlMDEyODFkOWIyMGVkNzEzYmVkNzk5MTg1ZGU3NTgzYmJiZmFlOGM2MGUyODY5YmI5ODdkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 14:53:26 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImRLTk5JZ1lVZ1U4dnowdVIxYXpjV2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibTNjTFl4U1p5clIwUEhBeVBsMnk5bm1VdWxkd3Q2SEhMeVV4TFlQa1ZGUkVsTUY0WUNBVlpzUnVjNFY3QVFEMk9Nb01na" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkpXY09lRUxiOWVMSjlNREdnbFAvWGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTWhVZHNlcXROWTVJRDNpQ0NuRUY3R3VQeHlnY3BPQldJQ3A5SDZKcjQwdWxEWDB3RTI2U0ZUL25rcmx1TGRTSjlyYUdSU3h0UTB4eTVyMnpXR3UyYzdsS3VYV1l3dkJnM3J3T3NJb1krVHJDRWNNbjlTWlJYUFptMTZTZWYwa3oiLCJtYWMiOiIwMjI4NjNkOTVlNmNiYzE5ZTcwZmY2YWI3Y2MyYzkwYmFmMTA1YThiYmI5YjBhNmY2MWRkMDI1ZmQ3MDIwYTk0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkpXY09lRUxiOWVMSjlNREdnbFAvWGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTWhVZHNlcXROWTVJRDNpQ0NuRUY3R3VQeHlnY3BPQldJQ3A5SDZKcjQwdWxEWDB3RTI2U0ZUL25" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "u24c9U4fMWAxKbrW5TxGZuPa97Fn5cXU6so2Hv0d" "uc_cart_id" => "2b979f2199c1f261dfdd1284669a1329" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/15998" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 02:53:26GET/chapter/15998112198